Headnote
ABSTRACT
Theoretical Framework: The electrification of isolated communities, such as the Lago do Cuniã Extractive Reserve in Rondônia, requires sustainable energy solutions that promote social development. Although studies of renewable hybrid systems focus on economic optimization, there is a gap in the literature on their impacts on social indicators such as the Human Development Index (HDI) and job creation. This study aims to fill this gap by investigating the social effects of a hybrid energy system in the Brazilian Amazon.
Method: An exploratory-descriptive, quantitative study was conducted to design a hybrid energy generation system for the community of Lago do Cuniã. The iHOGA software was used for energy simulations and NASA POWER for solar resource analysis. The proposed system integrates solar panels, diesel generators, batteries, an electrolyzer, an inverter, and a fuel cell. The methodology included energy resource assessment, component optimization, and calculation of the HDI and jobs generated. The employability analysis considered references from the literature (Lujano-Rojas et al., 2016; Rojas-Zerpa and Yusta, 2015). The HDI was calculated for a population of 400 people based on energy demand.
Results and Discussion: The simulations indicated that the diesel generator had the greatest impact on job creation. However, a 75% increase in the community's energy demand, attributed to income growth and equipment acquisition, raised the HDI from 0.46 to 0.52 (an increase of 0.06). The optimized hybrid system produced 112,997 MWh/year. Replacing 3.84 MWh/year of diesel energy with solar energy would result in a reduction of approximately 5.36 tons of COâ per year (52.3%) and annual savings of about US$ 39,223.
Research Implications: This study demonstrates that optimizing hybrid systems with a priority on renewable energy can increase the economic attractiveness of the project and boost human development by reducing the use of fossil fuels. The findings are crucial for planning sustainable rural electrification and promoting balanced local development.
Originality/Value: The originality lies in the assessment of the impacts of a hybrid energy system on social (employability and HDI) and environmental (COâ reduction) indices in an isolated community in the Amazon, a topic that has been little explored in the literature. The comparative analysis of scenarios and the quantification of social and economic benefits add practical and theoretical value to the field.
Keywords: Hybrid System, Simulation, Renewable Energy, Isolated Communities.
RESUMO
Referencial Teórico: A eletrificação de comunidades isoladas, como a Reserva Extrativista Lago do Cuniã em Rondônia, demanda soluções energéticas sustentáveis que promovam desenvolvimento social. Embora estudos de sistemas híbridos renováveis foquem em otimização econômica , há uma lacuna na literatura sobre seus impactos em indicadores sociais como o Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano (IDH) e a geração de empregos. Este estudo visa suprir essa lacuna, investigando os efeitos sociais de um sistema híbrido de energia na Amazônia brasileira.
Método: Foi conduzido um estudo exploratório-descritivo, quantitativo, para projetar um sistema híbrido de geração de energia para a comunidade do Lago do Cuniã. Utilizou-se o software iHOGA para simulações energéticas e o NASA POWER para análise de recursos solares. O sistema proposto integra painéis solares, geradores a diesel, baterias, eletrolisador, inversor e célula a combustível. A metodologia incluiu avaliação de recursos energéticos, otimização dos componentes, e cálculo do IDH e empregos gerados. A análise de empregabilidade considerou referências da literatura (Lujano-Rojas et al., 2016; Rojas-Zerpa and Yusta, 2015). O IDH foi calculado para uma população de 400 pessoas com base na demanda energética.
Resultados e Discussão: As simulações indicaram que o gerador a diesel teve o maior impacto na criação de empregos. No entanto, um aumento de 75% na demanda energética da comunidade , atribuído ao crescimento da renda e à aquisição de equipamentos, elevou o IDH de 0,46 para 0,52 (acréscimo de 0,06). O sistema híbrido otimizado produziu 112,997 MWh/ano. A substituição de 3,84 MWh/ano de energia do diesel por energia solar resultaria na redução de aproximadamente 5,36 toneladas de COâ por ano (52,3%) e economia anual de cerca de US$ 39.223.
Implicações da Pesquisa: Este estudo demonstra que a otimização de sistemas híbridos com prioridade em energias renováveis pode aumentar a atratividade econômica do projeto e impulsionar o desenvolvimento humano, ao reduzir o uso de combustíveis fósseis. Os achados são cruciais para o planejamento de eletrificação rural sustentável e a promoção de desenvolvimento local equilibrado.
Originalidade/Valor: A originalidade reside na avaliação dos impactos de um sistema híbrido de energia em índices sociais (empregabilidade e IDH) e ambientais (redução de COâ ) em uma comunidade isolada da Amazônia, um tópico pouco explorado na literatura. A análise comparativa de cenários e a quantificação dos benefícios sociais e econômicos adicionam valor prático e teórico à área.
Palavras-chave: Sistema Híbrido, Simulação, Energia Renovável, Comunidades Isoladas.
RESUMEN
Marco teórico: La electrificación de comunidades aisladas, como la Reserva Extractiva Lago do Cuniã en Rondônia, requiere soluciones energéticas sostenibles que promuevan el desarrollo social. Si bien los estudios sobre sistemas híbridos renovables se centran en la optimización económica, existe una brecha en la literatura sobre su impacto en indicadores sociales como el Índice de Desarrollo Humano (IDH) y la creación de empleo. Este estudio busca abordar esta brecha investigando los efectos sociales de un sistema híbrido de energía en la Amazonia brasileña.
Método: Se realizó un estudio cuantitativo exploratorio-descriptivo para diseñar un sistema híbrido de generación de energía para la comunidad de Lago do Cuniã. Se utilizó el software iHOGA para las simulaciones energéticas y NASA POWER para el análisis del recurso solar. El sistema propuesto integra paneles solares, generadores diésel, baterías, un electrolizador, un inversor y una pila de combustible. La metodología incluyó la evaluación de los recursos energéticos, la optimización de componentes y el cálculo del IDH y los empleos generados. El análisis de empleabilidad consideró referencias de la literatura (Lujano-Rojas et al., 2016; Rojas-Zerpa y Yusta, 2015). El IDH se calculó para una población de 400 personas con base en la demanda energética.
Resultados y discusión: Las simulaciones indicaron que el generador diésel tuvo el mayor impacto en la creación de empleo. Sin embargo, un aumento del 75% en la demanda energética de la comunidad, atribuido al crecimiento de los ingresos y la adquisición de equipos, elevó el IDH de 0,46 a 0,52 (un incremento de 0,06). El sistema híbrido optimizado produjo 112.997 MWh/año. Reemplazar 3,84 MWh/año de energía diésel por energía solar resultaría en una reducción de aproximadamente 5,36 toneladas de COâ al año (52,3%) y un ahorro anual de aproximadamente US$ 39.223. Implicaciones de la investigación: Este estudio demuestra que optimizar los sistemas híbridos priorizando las energías renovables puede aumentar el atractivo económico del proyecto e impulsar el desarrollo humano al reducir el uso de combustibles fósiles. Los hallazgos son cruciales para planificar la electrificación rural sostenible y promover un desarrollo local equilibrado.
Originalidad/Valor: La originalidad reside en la evaluación de los impactos de un sistema energético híbrido en los índices sociales (empleabilidad e IDH) y ambientales (reducción de COâ ) en una comunidad aislada de la Amazonía, un tema poco explorado en la literatura. El análisis comparativo de escenarios y la cuantificación de los beneficios sociales y económicos aportan valor práctico y teórico al campo.
Palabras clave: Sistema híbrido, Simulación, Energía renovable, Comunidades aisladas.
1 INTRODUCTION
Climate change impacts the planet as a whole, but it affects more intensely populations in situations of social vulnerability, especially in isolated areas and with limited access to energy infrastructure (Adedeji et al., 2014). Although some Amazonian regions are close to major producing centres, such as hydroelectric dams, traditional communities located in extractive reserves, such as the Cuniã Lake, still face significant challenges in accessing stable and safe electricity. This vulnerability is not only due to geographical isolation, but also to the absence of projects aimed at energy solutions adapted to the socio-environmental context of these populations.
In this scenario, hybrid power generation systems, combining renewable sources and local technologies, emerge as viable alternatives. They contribute to cost reduction, minimise losses related to distribution infrastructure, and increase energy resilience against the intermittency of natural sources (Dufo-López, M. Yusta et al., 2016; Ladu et al., 2022).
The Lago do Cuniã Extractive Reserve, located in the state of Rondônia, is home to traditional communities composed mainly of rubber tapper families and fishermen, whose subsistence depends on sustainable forest extraction. Access to the region is mostly river, making it difficult to transport fossil fuels and technical inputs. Currently, power generation is mainly done through diesel generators, which entails high operating costs, pollutant emissions and low reliability of supply.
This study proposes the development of a hybrid system of electric generation, designed from computer simulations that consider the solar resources available in the region and the local socioeconomic reality. The system includes the integration of solar panels, batteries, diesel generators, fuel cells, electrolysers and inverters, seeking to reduce dependence on diesel, increase energy efficiency and ensure a sustainable and technically viable alternative for the local community.
In the energy context, most studies on renewable hybrid systems focus on economic impacts, such as costs and optimisation. However, there is little attention to the social indexes involved in the implementation of these systems in communities. The need for research on this aspect is evidenced by the bibliometric analysis in Figure 1:
2 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
To explore the financial sustainability of hybrid networks, (Castro et al., 2022) analysed potential profits and subsidy needs in 634 off-grid Philippine islands. Techno-economic and profitability analyses revealed that the public and private sectors argue that both the sector can collaborate to benefit isolated regions, increasing access to energy (Castro et al.,2022) and.
(Jahangir et al., 2022) analysed the reduction of carbon emissions with hybrid renewable energy systems. Simulations in a single case study, with multi-year sensitivity analysis, were performed to determine the reliability of the results. The results indicated that a hybrid system can avoid, on average, 778 tons of carbon per year.
Hybrid microgrids are alternatives for remote areas, already used in several countries. (Jahangir et al., 2022) presented a feasibility and sensitivity analysis of renewable micro grids in Bangladesh, investigating the wind and solar potentials. Neural networks were used to predict wind speed and solar irradiance. Different systems (solar photovoltaic, wind and wind-solar photovoltaic) were analysed with the HOMER (Hybrid Optimisation of Multiple Energy Resources) software (Agyekum et al., 2022).. In the optimisation, variables such as wind speed, solar irradiance, useful life of wind turbines and photovoltaic layout were considered, concluding a greater sensitivity of the results to these variations.
(Givler and Lilienthal, 2005) They modelled a hybrid system that considers a reversible hydroelectric power plant and photovoltaic solar energy, both connected to the centralised power grid located in the northwest of Portugal. Through the simulation, it was possible to observe the behaviour of the system in both energy generation and storage. The physical, mathematical models and the operating principle of the system were also presented.
Globally, more and more, it is important to think about technologies and systems that guarantee the sustainable access of the population to electricity. Studying the development and implementation of renewable energy systems in isolated communities is a way to promote a reduction in CO2 emissions, as well as offering the inhabitants of the region a healthier and better life. The dependence on a single renewable energy source is not the most appropriate solution for isolated communities, as it makes the electricity supply vulnerable to seasonal variations and unpredictable climatic conditions. Sources such as solar or wind, for example, are intermittent and may have low availability at certain times of the year. Given this, the development of hybrid systems - which combine different energy sources - becomes essential to ensure a more stable, reliable and resilient supply, even in scenarios of temporary scarcity of some energy resource.
3 METHODOLOGY
In this section are presented the methods for determining the location of Lake Cuniã RESEX (Ibge, 2010; Tolmasquim, 2007)as well as its characteristics; the evaluation of energy resources available in the region, with the values of global and horizontal solar irradiation and wind speed that were used to model and simulate a system that met the demand of the locality; the components of the optimal hybrid system; the social evaluation about the generation of jobs with the implementation of the system and the calculation of HDI as well as the economic evaluations to generate the costs of the system and, finally, the analysis of energy efficiency.
3.1 PLACE OF STUDY: EXTRACTIVE RESERVE (RESEX) OF LAKE CUNIÃ
According to the EPE (Energy Research Company), in Brazil, the isolated communities of the interconnected energy system are located mostly in the northern region of the country (Figure 2).
Thus, we sought institutions that worked in the region in order to obtain more information about each community for a more reliable analysis and consistent with reality. Thus, in the case of the Cuniã Lake Extractive Reserve (RESEX) (8° 18' S, 63° 29' W), there is a socio-environmental diagnosis (Fischer and Ranieri, 2019), from which all the necessary information was taken, developed by NAPRA (Support Centre for the Amazon Riverside Population), an institution responsible for encouraging sustainable development around rural communities in Porto Velho, in the state of Rondônia.
Thus, according to the diagnosis mentioned above, the community is composed of four housing nuclei called Silva Lopes Araújo, Neves, Pupunhas on the left side and Pupunhas on the right side, and two other smaller nuclei called Araçá and Bela Palmeira (Figure 2).
In all, about 400 people live in the region, distributed among 83 families. These families are maintained through civil service, own business, fishing and extractivism, the last two activities being responsible for approximately 70% of the local economy.
In relation to education, the reserve is attended by only one school, in the Silva Lopez Araújo nucleus, which is responsible for educational training until the ninth year. Finally, in the energy context, the region is supplied by a diesel generator plant, located in São Carlos do Jamari, a nearby community (Fischer and Ranieri, 2019)..
3.2 ASSESSMENT OF AVAILABLE ENERGY RESOURCES
The climate in the locality is characterised as Tropical Monsoon, a variation of the humid tropical climate, where large volumes of rain occur that can reach 1500 mm of annual average. According to (EPE, n.a., 2022a, 2022b)However, 55 to 64 days a year does not rain in the north of the reserve, while in the south, rainfall does not occur from 64 to 75 days a year, and in the coldest month, the temperature can reach 18 °C. In addition, the annual temperature of the region reaches 26.5 °C
The estimated demand for RESEX Lago do Cuniã is around 88,377MWh / year, and this value includes a slaughterhouse, a school, trade and energy use by households for a population of approximately 400 people.
The values of 4.69 kWh/m2 for the daily average parameter of horizontal surface irradiation are equivalent to 1712.54 kWh/m2 of annual irradiation (EPE, n.a., 2019, 2022a, 2022b, 2022c) and the recommended slope for photovoltaic panels above 0 (preventing dirt losses) up to 13 . In the context of wind potential, there is the occurrence of winds with an average speed of 2.28m/s and power of 20W/m2, at an altitude of 50m (EPE, n.a., 2022c, 2022a)However, the annual average wind speed of 1.86m/s, at the height of 50m, was estimated (EPE, 2019)..
The modelling of the system and subsequent simulations, through the application of two SPEA-2 genetic algorithms operating simultaneously to determine the best operating configuration, generated the set of equipment most suitable for the community analysed, Table 1 presents the list of proposed equipment, model and power for the base case.
Due to the high availability of solar energy, the photovoltaic panel is the most powerful equipment, in addition, due to the low wind potential, the turbines were not considered.
3.4 SOCIAL EVALUATION OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE OPTIMAL HYBRID SYSTEM
Access to electricity can significantly improve Human Development Index (HDI) indicators. Life expectancy, for example, tends to increase with the expansion of access to drinking water and food conservation, both made possible by electrical equipment such as refrigerators. Education is also favoured by the availability of electricity, which enables the use of computers and adequate lighting for study at night. In addition, gross per capita income can be driven by the emergence of new services and productive activities promoted by the regular supply of electricity (Roy et al., 2022).
Several studies quantify the job creation associated with the implementation of centralised photovoltaic and wind power plants, using indicators such as jobs per year per installed megawatt (employment-year/MW or person-year/MW). Although these studies are mostly focused on large centralised enterprises, the principles observed may also be partially applicable to decentralised systems aimed at serving isolated communities. Even on a smaller scale, the implementation of local photovoltaic systems can contribute to the creation of temporary jobs in the installation and maintenance phase, as well as to foster local socioeconomic development through the viability of new economic activities based on access to electricity.
However, the operation and maintenance (O&M), continuous activities whose duration is the entire system life, are usually measured in works/MW. If the expected useful life of the plant is 25 years, one can normalise to the average number of jobs during this period, considering that it has created an equivalent number of permanent full-time jobs (Dufo-López, Cristóbal-Monreal, et al., 2016).. By establishing a relationship between the generation of jobs and the power of the equipment used, Table 2 is elaborated. It is important to understand that this analysis represents only an estimate of the new jobs created, reflecting a trend of local development driven by energy availability.
It is possible to evaluate the effects of energy on HDI, for this, Equation 1, is used to evaluate these effects in a population of 400 people, and thus determine the HDI knowing the local energy demand (Vázquez, 2014)..
IDH = 0,0978 . In Econsumo anual per capita - 0,0319 (1)
3.5 ECONOMIC PARAMETERS
To analyse the costs of the hybrid system, a period of 25 years was studied and a real discount rate of 7.54% was used, based on the nominal discount rate of SELIC (13.75% per year) (Tolmasquim, 2016)(EPE, 2022b).. The annual inflation rate was set at 5.77% for the same period, according to data from IBGE (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics) (IBGE, 2023)..
In addition, the installation costs, representing 25% of the initial value, were considered, assuming that the project would be carried out together with Pronaf (National Programme for Strengthening Family Agriculture) in the ABC + Bioeconomics modality, which would finance 100% of the interest expenses of 5% per year with payments distributed in equal instalments, in the period of 25 years, defined previously (Idoipe, 2023)..
3.6 ENERGY EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS
Analysing the data obtained from the optimal design, obtained through the plant simulation software (iHOGA), the presence of diesel generators in the system is identified. These generators increase the reliability of the hybrid network due to its potential for energy production in the absence of natural resources. However, there is a long chain of fuel transport and maintenance associated with these equipment.
In this way, the configuration of the equipment is reorganised so that all energy comes from renewable sources, the main one being photovoltaic panels, in order to verify the impact of this modification on CO22energy emissions.
4 RESULTSS AND DISCUSSÕES
The developed hybrid system favours renewable sources for sustainable generation, with a production of 112.997 MWh/year. In this section, the generation and employment indexes and their impact on HDI are studied in order to provide indicators of value in decision making. The results highlight the importance of hybrid energy systems to meet the increase in local demand, promote human development and reduce inequalities.
4.3 ENERGY IMPROVEMENTS
Although the system has been optimised with a focus on maximum economic interest, other features could make it more suitable for the isolated community of Lake Cuniã. From the point of view of sustainability, for example, the use of generators contributes to the increase in pollutant emissions.
In this way, it is possible to establish a comparison between the CO2 emitted when considering the optimal system, with the distribution of generated energy presented in Figure 6, and the annulment of the burning of fossil fuels in a model that uses exclusively photovoltaic panels. By choosing to generate 3.84 MWh/year through solar irradiation instead of using diesel generators, the system not only significantly reduces its carbon emissions but also provides monetary savings and greater sustainability. This is due to the fact that the use of fossil fuels involves not only the emission of greenhouse gases, but also the logistical and environmental challenges related to the transport and storage of diesel in isolated regions.
Figure 7 shows the characteristic electrical demand over 24 hours in the community, showing a higher consumption in the period between 11h and 19h, especially between 15h and 19h, when the load reaches the peak of 650 Wh. This distribution reinforces the feasibility of using photovoltaic panels, since the times of greater demand coincide with the availability of solar radiation. Still, because solar panels only generate power during the day, it's critical to ensure the power supply during nighttime or cloudy days. For this, it is necessary to adopt a battery energy storage system, which stores the surplus generated during the day for later use.
Thus, with the change of the system, there would be a reduction of approximately 5.36 tons of CO2 per year - which represents about 52.3% - considering only the fuel consumption for electricity generation, according to the simulations carried out in the iHOGA software. This value can be even higher when considering the emissions associated with the transportation and handling of diesel to the isolated community. In addition, from an economic perspective, iHOGA estimated an annual savings of approximately US$ 39,223, which reinforces the attractiveness of the project, increasing the investment interest in the project.
5 CONCLUSIONS
The analysis of the results obtained in this study shows that hybrid systems that include diesel generators had a greater impact on job creation compared to other technological configurations. This finding reinforces the strategic role of these systems in the socioeconomic development of isolated communities, even considering their environmental limitations. On the other hand, the use of the fuel cell did not result in changes in this indicator. With the inclusion of solar panels in the system, the employability index was lower compared to the generators, as evidenced in the analysis of the different scenarios. However, it is important to consider the need for specialised technicians to supervise the systems during their operation, as well as for the maintenance of their equipment and components. An employability analysis based only on direct demand can be superficial to adequately assess social impacts.
From this, the analysed data suggest a relationship between the increase in energy demand and the increase in the Human Development Index in the community. However, it is essential to consider that this growth must be met in a sustainable way, ensuring reliable access to energy to promote local development in a balanced way. It is worth noting that the HDI found in Lago do Cuniã presents values equivalent to those of other more populous localities in the region, indicating that the community follows the development patterns of its surroundings in this specific aspect. Regarding the energy supply, it can be emphasised that much of the generation comes from solar panels and that, through optimisation, wind turbines were disregarded by the low wind speed indexes at the study site. However, in order to improve the sustainability of the hybrid network, it is possible to replace the energy obtained by fossil fuels with solar energy, which would make the project even more financially attractive and widely renewable.
Thus, due to the current conditions of access to electricity in the region, the implementation of a hybrid system similar to the system simulated in this study would be an ecological solution for the community analysed. The system optimised through simulation is viable for the chosen area, not generating significant negative impacts to the community and meeting the demand for energy in a sustainable way, with reservations to the use of diesel generators.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The research team thanks the Research Support Foundation of the State of Minas Gerais, FAPEMIG; for the financing of the Project: "Simulation and Optimisation of Isolated Hybrid Systems of electricity generation based on renewable energies [PROCESS APQ-01932-21] executed at the Federal University of Itajubá under the public notice 001/2021 - Universal demand, DPI UNIFEI registration No: PVDI208-2021; to PPGEEN (Postgraduate Programme in Energy Engineering) and to the Federal University of Itajubá with its scholarship programme and Scientific Initiation PIBIC UNIFEI and CNPq.
Sidebar
References
REFERENCES
Adedeji, O., Reuben, O. and Olatoye, O. (2014), "Global Climate Change", Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection, Vol. 02 No. 02, pp. 114-122, doi: 10.4236/gep.2014.22016.
Agyekum, E.B., Ampah, J.D., Afrane, S., Adebayo, T.S. and Agbozo, E. (2022), "A 3E, hydrogen production, irrigation, and employment potential assessment of a hybrid energy system for tropical weather conditions - Combination of HOMER software, shannon entropy, and TOPSIS", International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC, Vol. 47 No. 73, pp. 31073-31097, doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.07.049.
Castro, M.T., Pascasio, J.D.A., Delina, L.L., Balite, P.H.M. and Ocon, J.D. (2022), "Techno-economic and financial analyses of hybrid renewable energy system microgrids in 634 Philippine off-grid islands: Policy implications on public subsidies and private investments", Energy, Pergamon, p. 124599, doi: 10.1016/J.ENERGY.2022.124599.
Dufo-López, R., Cristóbal-Monreal, I.R. and Yusta, J.M. (2016), "Optimisation of PV-wind-diesel-battery stand-alone systems to minimise cost and maximise human development index and job creation", Renewable Energy, Elsevier Ltd, Vol. 94, pp. 280-293, doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2016.03.065.
Dufo-López, R., M.Yusta, J. and R. Cristóbal-Monreal, I. (2016), "HumanDevelopmentIndex", doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2016.03.065.
EPE. (n.d.). "WebMap EPE: Sistema de Informações Geográficas do Setor Energético Brasileiro [Software]".
EPE, E. de P.E. (2019), "Sistemas isolados".
EPE, E. de P.E. (2022a), "Fontes de Energia", available at: https://www.epe.gov.br/pt/abcdenergia/fontes-de-energia.
EPE, E. de P.E. (2022b), "Atlas da Eficiência Energética Brasil 2021", Atlas2021_PT_2022_02_04.oambiental U Retrato Da Reserva Extrativista Lago Do Cuiã.
García-Vera, Y.E., Dufo-López, R. and Bernal-Agustín, J.L. (2020), "Optimization of isolated hybrid microgrids with renewable energy based on different battery models and technologies", Energies, Vol. 13 No. 3, doi: 10.3390/en13030581.
Givler, T. and Lilienthal, P. (2005), Using HOMER ® Software, NREL's Micropower Optimization Model, to Explore the Role of Gen-Sets in Small Solar Power Systems Case Study: Sri Lanka.
IBGE. (2010), Indicadores de Desemvolvimento Sustentável. Brasil 2010.
IBGE. (2023), "Inflação".
Idoipe, A.V. (2023), "Proceedings of the XV Ibero-American Congress of Mechanical Engineering", Proceedings of the XV Ibero-American Congress of Mechanical Engineering, doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-38563-6.
Jahangir, M.H., Montazeri, M., Mousavi, S.A. and Kargarzadeh, A. (2022), "Reducing carbon emissions of industrial large livestock farms using hybrid renewable energy systems", Renewable Energy, doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2022.02.022.
Ladu, N.S.D., Samikannu, R., Gebreslassie, K.G., Sankoh, M., Hakim, L.E.R., Badawi, A. and Latio, T.P.B. (2022), "Feasibility study of a standalone hybrid energy system to supply electricity to a rural community in South Sudan", Scientific African, Elsevier, Vol. 16, p. e01157, doi: 10.1016/J.SCIAF.2022.E01157.
Lujano-Rojas, J.M., Dufo-López, R., Atencio-Guerra, J.L., Rodrigues, E.M.G., Bernal-Agustín, J.L. and Catalão, J.P.S. (2016), "Operating conditions of lead-acid batteries in the optimization of hybrid energy systems and microgrids", Applied Energy, Elsevier Ltd, Vol. 179, pp. 590-600, doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.07.018.
Rojas-Zerpa, J.C. and Yusta, J.M. (2015), "Application of multicriteria decision methods for electric supply planning in rural and remote areas", Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Pergamon, Vol. 52, pp. 557-571, doi: 10.1016/J.RSER.2015.07.139.
Roy, D., Hassan, R. and Das, B.K. (2022), "A hybrid renewable-based solution to electricity and freshwater problems in the off-grid Sundarbans region of India: Optimum sizing and socio-enviro-economic evaluation", Journal of Cleaner Production, p. 133761, doi: 10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2022.133761.
Seng, U.K., Malik, H., García Márquez, F.P., Alotaibi, M.A. and Afthanorhan, A. (2024), "Fuzzy logic-based intelligent energy management framework for hybrid PV-wind-battery system: A case study of commercial building in Malaysia", Journal of Energy Storage, Vol. 102 No. October, doi: 10.1016/j.est.2024.114109.
Tolmasquim, M. (2007), "Plano Nacional de energia 2030", Ministerio de Minas e Energia. Conselho Nacional ....
Tolmasquim, M.T. (2016), Energia Renovável, Hidráulica, Biomassa, Eólica, Solar, Oceânica, Empresa de Pesquisa Energética.
Vázquez, E.M. (2014), "Trabajo Fin de Máster renovables para la alimentación de sistemas".
