ABSTRACT
Institution: This article aims to investigate the Internet of Things (IoT) through research in the field of Information Science in Brazil. The IoT is a disruptive digital technology with significant potential in many areas, including education and, in particular, Information Science. By optimising monotonous and repetitive functions, the IoT frees up the human potential for tasks with greater added value, making it possible to collect, transmit, store, process and retrieve information. Using the systematic literature review methodology, the results indicate that, in universities, most research is still theoretical, predominantly involving libraries, without moving on to other information units, such as research and documentation centres and museums. On the other hand, the building automation and industrial sectors have more potential. Thus, despite IoT technology's potential, the research implies that applied studies linking information science with more practical areas, such as computer science, can grow IoT in Brazil.
Objective: The objective of this study is to investigate to investigate the Internet of Things (IoT) through research carried out in the field of Information Science in Brazil.
Theoretical Framework: This topic presents the main concepts and theories that underpin the research. We highlight the concept of the Internet of Things and its applications from Ashton (2009), moving on to the studies by Atzori, Iera and Morabito (2010) and Gubbi et al. (2013) in the area of Computing, as well as (Lasi et al., 2014), in the industrial area and moving on to Silva et al. (2017) and Lima; Schlemmer; Morgado (2020) in the area of education, which provides a solid basis for understanding the context of the investigation.
Method: The methodology adopted for this research was the systematic literature review. It encompasses the development of a research protocol composed of research questions and a protocol with inclusion and exclusion criteria. The data were collected through research protocol execution, which includes research keywords in a database, the refinement and extraction of results, and the vertical and complete reading of the articles resulting from the review..
Results and Discussion: The practical and theoretical implications of this research are discussed, providing insights into how the results can be applied or influence practices in the field of Information Science. These implications indicate that, despite the potential that IoT technology offers, the research pointed out that applied studies, linking Information Science with more practical areas such as Computer Science, are possibilities for the growth of IoT in Brazil.
Research Implications: The practical and theoretical implications of this research are discussed, providing insights into how the results can be applied or influence practices in the field of Information Science in Brazil. These implications indicate that, despite IoT technology's potential, the research pointed out that applied studies linking Information Science with more practical areas, such as Computer Science, are possibilities for the growth of IoT in Brazil.
Originality/Value: This study contributes to the literature by providing a complete overview of the approach that the Internet of Things has been receiving in the field of Information Science in Brazil. Based on this literature review, the relevance and value of this research highlights that more practical studies can advance in this area, contributing to the inclusion of the IoT theme in the curricula of Information Science courses in Brazil.
Keywords: Information Science, Internet of Things, IoT, Systematic literatura Review, IoT Systems.
ABSTRACT
RESUMO
Instituição: Este artigo tem por objetivo investigar o panorama da temática Internet das Coisas ou Internet of Things (IoT) em relação às pesquisas desenvolvidas na área da Ciência da Informação no Brasil. A IoT é uma tecnologia digital potencialmente disruptiva, com importante potencial nas mais diversas áreas de atividade, incluindo a educação e, de modo especial, a área da Ciência da Informação. Ao possibilitar a otimização de funções monótonas e repetitivas, a IoT libera o potencial humano para tarefas de maior valor agregado, possibilitando a coleta, transmissão, armazenamento, processamento e recuperação da informação. Utilizando a metodologia de revisão sistemática da literatura, os resultados indicam que, nas universidades, a maioria das pesquisas ainda é de caráter teórico, envolvendo predominantemente bibliotecas, sem avançar para as demais unidades de informação, como centros de pesquisa e documentação e museus. Por outro lado, os setores de automação predial e industrial apresentam mais potencialidades. Desta maneira, apesar das potencialidades que a tecnologia IoT possibilita, a pesquisa implica em apontar que estudos de caráter aplicado, vinculando a Ciência da Informação com áreas de caráter mais prático, como Ciência da Computação, são possibilidades de crescimento da IoT no Brasil.
Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo é investigar o panorama da temática Internet das Coisas ou Internet of Things (IoT) em relação às pesquisas desenvolvidas na área da Ciência da Informação no Brasil.
Referencial Teórico: Neste tópico, são apresentados os principais conceitos e teorias que fundamentam a pesquisa. Destacam-se o conceito de Internet das Coisas a partir de Ashton (2009) e suas aplicações nos estudos de Atzori, Iera e Morabito (2010) e Gubbi et al., (2013) na área da Computação, assim como Lasi et al., 2014), na área industrial e avançando para Silva et al. (2017) e Lima; Schlemmer; Morgado (2020) na área da educação, o que fornece uma base sólida para a compreensão do contexto da investigação.
Método: A metodologia adotada para esta pesquisa, a revisão sistemática da literatura, compreende o desenvolvimento de um protocolo de pesquisa, composto de questões de pesquisa e um protocolo com critérios de inclusão e exclusão. A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio da execução do protocolo de pesquisa, compreendendo a inclusão das palavras-chave em uma base de dados, o refinamento e extração dos resultados, bem como a leitura vertical e completa dos artigos resultantes da revisão.
Resultados e Discussão: Os resultados obtidos revelaram que, nas universidades, a maioria das pesquisas ainda é de caráter teórico, envolvendo predominantemente bibliotecas, sem avançar para as demais unidades de informação, como centros de pesquisa e documentação e museus. Por outro lado, os setores de automação predial e industrial apresentam mais potencialidades.
Implicações da Pesquisa: As implicações práticas e teóricas desta pesquisa são discutidas, fornecendo insights sobre como os resultados podem ser aplicados ou influenciar práticas no campo da Ciência da Informação. Essas implicações indicam que, apesar das potencialidades que a tecnologia IoT possibilita, a pesquisa apontou que, em estudos de caráter aplicado, vinculando a Ciência da Informação com áreas de caráter mais prático, como Ciência da Computação, são possibilidades de crescimento da IoT no Brasil.
Originalidade/Valor: Este estudo contribui para a literatura ao levantar um panorama completo da abordagem que a área da Internet das Coisas vem recebendo no campo da Ciência da Informação no Brasil. A relevância e o valor desta pesquisa são evidenciados por possibilitar que, a partir desta revisão da literatura, estudos de caráter mais prático possam avançar nesta temática, contribuindo ainda para a inclusão da temática IoT nos currículos dos cursos de Ciência da Informação no Brasil.
Palavras-chave: Ciência da Informação, Internet das Coisas, IoT, Revisão Sistemática da Literatura, Sistemas IoT.
RESUMEN
Institución: El objetivo de este estudio es investigar la Internet de las Cosas o Internet of Things (IoT) en relación con la investigación llevada a cabo en el campo de la Ciencia de la Información en Brasil. La IO es una tecnología digital potencialmente disruptiva con un potencial significativo en una amplia gama de áreas de actividad, incluyendo la educación y, en particular, el campo de la Ciencia de la Información. Al posibilitar la optimización de funciones monótonas y repetitivas, el IoT libera potencial humano para tareas de mayor valor agregado, posibilitando la recolección, transmisión, almacenamiento, procesamiento y recuperación de información. Utilizando la metodología de revisión sistemática de la literatura, los resultados indican que, en las universidades, la mayor parte de la investigación sigue siendo de carácter teórico, con predominio de las bibliotecas, sin pasar a otras unidades de información, como los centros de investigación y documentación y los museos. Por el contrario, los sectores de la automatización de edificios y la industria presentan un mayor potencial. De esta forma, a pesar del potencial que la tecnología IoT ofrece, la investigación implica que los estudios aplicados, vinculando la Ciencia de la Información con áreas más prácticas como la Informática, son posibilidades para el crecimiento de IoT en Brasil.
Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio es investigar la Internet de las Cosas (IoT) en relación con la investigación realizada en el campo de las Ciencias de la Información en Brasil.
Marco Teórico: En este tema se presentan los principales conceptos y teorías que sustentan la investigación. Destacamos el concepto de Internet de las Cosas de Ashton (2009) y sus aplicaciones en los estudios de Atzori, Iera y Morabito (2010) y Gvubbi et al., (2013) en el área de Informática, así como Lasi et al., 2014), en el área industrial y pasando por Silva et al. (2017) y Lima; Schlemmer; Morgado (2020) en el área de educación, lo que proporciona una base sólida para la comprensión del contexto de la investigación.
Método: La metodología adoptada para esta investigación, la revisión sistemática de la literatura, comprende la elaboración de un protocolo de investigación, compuesto por preguntas de investigación y un protocolo con criterios de inclusión y exclusión. La recolección de datos se realizó a través de la ejecución del protocolo de investigación, comprendiendo la inclusión de palabras clave en una base de datos, el refinamiento y extracción de resultados, así como la lectura vertical y completa de los artículos resultantes de la revisión.
Resultados y Discusión: Los resultados muestran que la mayor parte de la investigación en las universidades sigue siendo teórica y afecta predominantemente a las bibliotecas, sin pasar a otras unidades de información como los centros de investigación y documentación y los museos. Por otro lado, los sectores de la automatización de edificios y la industria tienen más potencial.. Implicaciones de la investigación:
Implicaciones de la investigación: Se discuten las implicaciones prácticas y teóricas de esta investigación, proporcionando una visión de cómo los resultados pueden aplicarse o influir en las prácticas en el campo de la Ciencia de la Información. Estas implicaciones indican que, a pesar del potencial que la tecnología IoT ofrece, la investigación señaló que los estudios aplicados, vinculando la Ciencia de la Información con áreas más prácticas como la Informática, son posibilidades para el crecimiento de IoT en Brasil.
Originalidad/Valor: Este estudio contribuye a la literatura proporcionando una visión completa del enfoque que la Internet de las Cosas viene recibiendo en el campo de la Ciencia de la Información en Brasil. La relevancia y el valor de esta investigación se evidencia por el hecho de que, a partir de esta revisión de la literatura, más estudios prácticos pueden avanzar en esta área, contribuyendo a la inclusión del tema IoT en los currículos de los cursos de Ciencia de la Información en Brasil.
Palabras clave: Ciencia de la Información, Internet de las Cosas, IoT, Revisión Sistemática de Literatura, Sistemas IoT.
1 CONTEXT
Digital Technologies, which have evolved greatly in the last 5 decades, together with other factors, cause significant social and cultural changes (Castells, 2005, Lévy, 1999; Santaella, 2003; Heidt, 2017). There are today more devices connected to the Internet than people on the planet (15 billion devices), with a projection of 27 billion connected devices by the end of 2025 (IoT Analytics, 2024; Gartner, 2024).
Encompassing a wide variety of devices such as smartphones, smart watches, smart TVs, video game consoles, connected cameras, smart vehicles and a whole host of objects with connected sensors, covering both the home environment and the urban environment and industrial space, modern computing devices, which are "computers" traditionally speaking, encompass a wide variety of devices
At the centre of this profusion of connected devices is the concept of Internet of Things (Internet of Things, or IoT) created in 1999 to designate a whole range of devices equipped with sensors and networked (Ashton et al., 2009). The idea behind IoT is the pervasive presence of various things or objects, with unique identification that interact to achieve common goals (Atzori, 2010).
These objects or "things" contain sensors, software and network technology to collect and exchange data in an automated way and in real time (Gubbi et al., 2013; ITU, 2016). Thus, IoT can be defined as a digital technological paradigm of connectivity, in which sensors embedded in physical objects, individually identified and connected to the Internet, produce, store, process and transmit data autonomously to objects or authorised people, who optimise their decisions and actions based on this information (Lima, 2021).
IoT allows these objects to interact and make decisions based on the data collected, providing greater efficiency, automation and control in various sectors, such as smart homes, health, industry, transportation, agriculture (Singer, 2012), including education (Silva et al., 2017; Lima et al., 2020). IoT concepts and technologies were also adopted and quickly adopted by the so-called industry 4.0, aiming to provide real-time information to humans and machines in order to make the production process more flexible and efficient (Lasi et al., 2014; Monteiro et al., 2023, Pereira et al., 2024).
Likewise, governments have been mobilising in relation to the adoption of IoT in the space of cities and urban services, including the governmental sphere, which recognises the importance of IoT in the daily life of citizens (|Brazil, 2021), which implies inclusion in the city and in the countryside and a series of resulting services, as stated by the Brazilian Internet of Things Association (Abinc, 2014). In homes, the revolution represented by the adoption of IoT technology is at the centre of so-called home automation, or smart home. The exponential use of IoT makes the technology has been repeatedly identified as disruptive technology by specialised consultancies such as Gartner Group and Idc (2024).
Academic research regarding scientific publications on Internet of Things in the area of Information Science (Gontijo and Araújo, 2019) was presented at the XX National Information Science Research Meeting (ENANCIB), in 2019. Based on bibliometric and altimetric indicators, the academic impact and online attention of the scientific production on IoT between 2014 and 2018 were analysed, it is noteworthy that, despite the increase of interest in the literature in the IoT area, new research is needed to analyse other aspects and indicators. This is the motivation of this updated literature review.
IoT applications permeate the spaces and scopes of human activity, from the work, domestic and leisure environment to public spaces of social coexistence, which includes educational spaces and, from the perspective of Information Science (IS), information units, represented by libraries, museums and archives. There is, therefore, a need to better understand and more broadly how the IoT theme is being addressed in the literature in relation to IC, the objective of the research presented here
2 METHODOLOGY
Through a descriptive exploratory research, with a method of systematic literature review, the objective is to present and analyse how the Brazilian scientific literature addresses the object "Internet of Things" (IoT) in relations with IS and the possibilities brought by IoT to the field, limitations and future studies.
When critically summarising the most existing knowledge in a given area, literature reviews are essential for the reasoned accomplishment of scientific research (Echer, 2001), being relevant sources of knowledge because they present the most important contributions to the literature of a given area, playing an important role not only as a source of information among scientists, but also as a transfer of information to the non-specialist public. Literature reviews make it possible to compare different sources of information, systematise existing knowledge, identify emerging themes and direct the advancement of research (Figueiredo, 1990; Pereira et al., 2018), as is the objective of the research presented here.
In this sense, the IoT theme related to IS was investigated using the BRAPCI database, a reference in the area of Information Science in Brazil. Applying the search string "Internet of Things" and as inclusion criteria results where this string contained the title, abstract or keywords, a total of 41 results were obtained. Applying the exclusion criterion repeated works, 4 results are excluded, excluding 22 more results as exclusion criteria not adherent to the IoT and CI theme (Table 1).
The 15 articles that represent the result of the application of the selection protocol are shown in Table 2, below, sorted in ascending order of year.
4 OUTCOME AND DISCUSSION
The temporal analysis of the selected articles represents a consistent permanence of the theme "Internet of Things" in the area of Information Science in the last decade, which makes it possible to perceive that the theme, beyond a mere trend, is configured as a relevant theme, following the other areas of knowledge and projections of exponential growth pointed out by consultancies and research institutes (Gartner, Idc, IoT Analytics, 2024). In the capillarisation of these researches, the 5 articles from the South region (UFSC and UDESC) correspond to 33% of the total, 4 articles from the Southeast (UFMG, UFLA and FEPSP) and Northeast (UFPB and UFS) account for 27% each and 2 articles from the Midwest (UnB) represent 13% of the total of selected articles. The North region had no articles published/selected in this review (Figure 1).
In relation to the themes, described in Chart 2, while the excluded results addressed Industry 4.0, Telecommunications, Health, Economy, Energy and Innovation (technicist approach), the 15 selected researches focused on management, automation and modernisation of libraries, architecture and organisation of information and intelligent campus through IoT.
Five of the selected articles (33% of the literature) address the theme Architecture and Information Organisation. Lacerda and Lima-Marques (2015) analysed in article 1 the multifaceted scenario of IoT, defending a humanistic, systemic, transdisciplinary and principlebased approach to creating information ecosystems that meet people's needs: technologies and applications, although relevant, are transient, while principles can always be appropriate to develop new solutions (Fig. 2).
In article 4, Lacerda and Lima-Marques (2017) again defend information ecosystems based on IoT as a transformative dimension of society and a new paradigm for Information Architecture. The pervasiveness of IoT changes information spaces for information ecosystems, leading the area to rethink motivations and actions, such as the inclusion of the subdiscipline Pervasive Information Architecture to respond to challenges in epistemological, scientific and practical aspects.
In article 6, Rosza et al. (2017) investigated IoT as a generator field that can offer contextualised data for IS researchers to explore, while IS collaborates with techniques to collect, store, represent, retrieve, transmit and use information, mutually increasing the efficiency and effectiveness of processes and resources. Aquarone and Luz (2017), in article 7, addressed the storage and organisation of data driven by connectivity at the intersection between IOT, semantic web and data organisation, highlighting the need for efficient protocols to connect all IoT objects in a network, suggesting Information Organisation as the basis for the information structure and ontologies as layers of meaning. In article 2, Dutra, Santana and Macedo (2016) focus on access and use of data in the collection, storage, retrieval and disposal of data from the IoT perspective: "how" and "when" replace "where" and data sublimation is proposed as a new point of view for the representation of "things", incorporating the physicaldigital abstraction typical of IoT relationships.
In relation to IoT in Libraries, a thematic field of 54% of the researches and considered receptive to the implementation of technologies in general, Moura (2016) contextualises, in article 3, the transformations of documents in the context of IoT, problematizing the relativisation of the notions of time and space strengthened by technological innovations, in the sense that it expands the need for qualified human mediation to resignify and articulate documents and information in the new IoT knowledge production environments.
Souza and Carvalho (2017) present, in article 5, a diagnosis about the librarians' knowledge about IoT tools and applications, concluding that there are formative weaknesses in the area of Librarianship and Information Science and librarians' lack of knowledge about the innovative possibilities of IoT services for Brazilian libraries. In article 8, Souza, Carvalho and Almeida (2018), recognising the early stage of IoT, investigated IoT devices/technologies with application possibilities in library services, identifying RFID (Radio Frequency IDentification - Radio Frequency Identification) as a technology with wide application possibilities. RFID and IoT applications based on cloud computing, beacons and GPS in the operational management of the environment, resources and collections in libraries were also pointed out in a systematic review, in article 9, by Amaral, Juliani and Bettio (2020).
In article 10, Amaral (2020) points out the potential of IoT to improve attendance and modernise information units, in the automatic monitoring and control of humidity, temperature and luminosity, location of books in real time and recording the actions of library users. In article 12, Juliani, Amaral and Bettio (2021), based on requirements engineering and design thinking, developed a proposal for an IoT-based noise monitoring system, helping to maintain silence in the common areas of the library. In the same sense, Rossi, Dutra and Macedo (2022), in article 13, sought to identify IoT applications for the improvement of services and environments, identifying 19 application possibilities and proving the existence of low-cost IoT applications for application in libraries. Finally, Lira and Jacinto (2023), in article 15, pointed out IoT trends in the automation of services such as access, navigation, tracking and sharing information for libraries, demanding new skills of librarians to act in this scenario.
In the theme smart campus, or smart campus, evolution and automation of the university environment based on connectivity and IoT, Bandeira and Neto (2022) point out, in article 13, the complexity of the model that covers teaching, learning, security and database. Pointing to information management as a fundamental factor for the success of the smart campus, the authors highlight little practical research in areas outside the area of Computer Science and the need for more inter and transdisciplinary studies. Bandeira, Casimiro and Lima (2020), in article 11, also analysed the practices of information management in the smart campus of the Federal University of Campina Grande (UFCG), implanted in 2019 with the objective of integrating IoT to campus management, teaching and intra and interorganisational collaborations. They conclude that the IoT model adds benefits by making it possible to manage information in an integrated, coherent, efficient and effective way and the concepts, models and theories recognised by the actors involved in the process contribute to planning, control and evaluation of information practices.
5 FINAL CONSIDERATIONS
This research investigated how the IoT theme has been studied in the field of Information Science, as well as its limitations and possibilities for future studies. It was verified the temporal consistency of the researches in the IoT field year by year and the capillarisation of the researches in the South-Southeast-Northeast axis, with 87% of the selected works in these regions. This result, in addition to signalling growth space for research in the Midwest and North regions, shows that only 10 institutions concentrate the 15 selected studies, indicating the need to extend the discussion to other educational institutions. The fact that only 33% of the researches analysed have collaboration from other institutions points to the need to stimulate scientific collaboration in IoT research in the area of Information Science.
This exploratory review concluded that the themes studied within the field of IoT in the area of Information Technology cover three central thematic categories: Libraries, Architecture and Information Organisation and smart campus. The majority (54%) focus on library management, automation and modernisation, 33% of the research focuses on Architecture and Information Organisation and 13% of these focus on the application of IoT in smart campus experiences.
In general, theoretical research is the majority, with few practical applications implemented in the area, and the analysis of the results suggests that the areas of Computing can collaborate quite significantly in inter and transdisciplinary research on IoT in CI, as well as other areas of knowledge. This combination of efforts can create a robust information ecosystem, strengthened by the expertise of the various fields of study and leading to the potential development of innovative solutions to local and global challenges.
In general, it is recommended that future studies focussing on the IoT object in more depth in its relations with IC are conducted, as well as applied character works. It is indicated that a systematic review is already underway, in the perspective of deepening the IOT object in the IS, including bases other than BRAPCI, in order to present a complete and comprehensive picture of the field.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The present work was carried out with the support of the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel - Brazil (CAPES), through the National Postdoctoral Programme, of which the first author is a scholarship holder. The authors are grateful for the support received.
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Abstract
Institution: This article aims to investigate the Internet of Things (IoT) through research in the field of Information Science in Brazil. The IoT is a disruptive digital technology with significant potential in many areas, including education and, in particular, Information Science. By optimising monotonous and repetitive functions, the IoT frees up the human potential for tasks with greater added value, making it possible to collect, transmit, store, process and retrieve information. Using the systematic literature review methodology, the results indicate that, in universities, most research is still theoretical, predominantly involving libraries, without moving on to other information units, such as research and documentation centres and museums. On the other hand, the building automation and industrial sectors have more potential. Thus, despite IoT technology's potential, the research implies that applied studies linking information science with more practical areas, such as computer science, can grow IoT in Brazil. Objective: The objective of this study is to investigate to investigate the Internet of Things (IoT) through research carried out in the field of Information Science in Brazil. Theoretical Framework: This topic presents the main concepts and theories that underpin the research. We highlight the concept of the Internet of Things and its applications from Ashton (2009), moving on to the studies by Atzori, Iera and Morabito (2010) and Gubbi et al. (2013) in the area of Computing, as well as (Lasi et al., 2014), in the industrial area and moving on to Silva et al. (2017) and Lima; Schlemmer; Morgado (2020) in the area of education, which provides a solid basis for understanding the context of the investigation. Method: The methodology adopted for this research was the systematic literature review. It encompasses the development of a research protocol composed of research questions and a protocol with inclusion and exclusion criteria. The data were collected through research protocol execution, which includes research keywords in a database, the refinement and extraction of results, and the vertical and complete reading of the articles resulting from the review.. Results and Discussion: The practical and theoretical implications of this research are discussed, providing insights into how the results can be applied or influence practices in the field of Information Science. These implications indicate that, despite the potential that IoT technology offers, the research pointed out that applied studies, linking Information Science with more practical areas such as Computer Science, are possibilities for the growth of IoT in Brazil. Research Implications: The practical and theoretical implications of this research are discussed, providing insights into how the results can be applied or influence practices in the field of Information Science in Brazil. These implications indicate that, despite IoT technology's potential, the research pointed out that applied studies linking Information Science with more practical areas, such as Computer Science, are possibilities for the growth of IoT in Brazil. Originality/Value: This study contributes to the literature by providing a complete overview of the approach that the Internet of Things has been receiving in the field of Information Science in Brazil. Based on this literature review, the relevance and value of this research highlights that more practical studies can advance in this area, contributing to the inclusion of the IoT theme in the curricula of Information Science courses in Brazil.