Headnote
ABSTRACT
Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the agronomic performance of the Tatu peanut cultivar under different row spacings in the Eastern Amazon region, seeking to identify the most efficient spatial arrangement for cultivation.
Theoretical Framework: The research is based on studies concerning the influence of plant population density and spatial arrangement on the growth and productivity of peanuts, especially under tropical edaphoclimatic conditions.
Method: The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design with three row spacings (single, dense, and double) and four replications. Variables analyzed included plant growth (height, number of branches), productivity (fresh mass, number of pods per plant), and quality (weight of 100 dry pods). Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey's test at a 5% significance level.
Results and Discussion: Results showed that the double row spacing favored branching and pod weight, while the single spacing resulted in greater fresh biomass and number of pods per plant. The dense spacing showed the lowest overall performance due to high intraspecific competition.
Research Implications: The findings provide technical guidance for peanut management in humid tropical regions, supporting increased production efficiency in smallholder farming systems.
Originality/Value: This study is pioneering in evaluating row spacing effects on Tatu peanuts in the Eastern Amazon, offering original data for the region and enhancing knowledge on sustainable practices in peanut cultivation.
Keywords: Planting Density, Productivity, Tropical Cultivation, Oilseed Legumes.
RESUMO
Objetivo: Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o desempenho agronômico da cultivar de amendoim Tatu sob diferentes espaçamentos entre linhas na região da Amazônia Oriental, visando identificar o arranjo espacial mais eficiente para o cultivo.
Referencial Teórico: A pesquisa se fundamenta em estudos sobre a influência da densidade populacional e do arranjo espacial no crescimento e produtividade do amendoim, especialmente sob condições edafoclimáticas tropicais.
Método: O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento em blocos casualizados, com três espaçamentos entre linhas (simples, adensado e duplo) e quatro repetições. Foram avaliadas variáveis de crescimento (altura, número de ramos), produtividade (massa fresca, número de vagens por planta) e qualidade (peso de 100 vagens), com análise estatística por ANOVA e teste de Tukey a 5%.
Resultados e Discussão: Os resultados revelaram que o espaçamento duplo favoreceu o número de ramos e o peso das vagens, enquanto o espaçamento simples resultou em maior massa fresca e número de vagens por planta. O espaçamento adensado apresentou menor desempenho geral, devido à alta competição intraespecífica. Implicações da Pesquisa: Os achados oferecem subsídios técnicos para o manejo do amendoim em regiões tropicais úmidas, contribuindo para o aumento da eficiência produtiva em pequenas propriedades.
Originalidade/Valor: Este estudo é pioneiro na análise de espaçamentos do amendoim Tatu na Amazônia Oriental, oferecendo dados inéditos para a região e ampliando o conhecimento sobre práticas sustentáveis na cultura.
Palavras-chave: Densidade de Plantio, Produtividade, Cultivo Tropical, Leguminosas Oleaginosas.
RESUMEN
Objetivo: Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar el desempeño agronómico del cultivar de maní Tatu bajo diferentes espaciamientos entre hileras en la región de la Amazonía Oriental, con el fin de identificar el arreglo espacial más eficiente para su cultivo.
Marco Teórico: La investigación se basa en estudios sobre la influencia de la densidad poblacional y el arreglo espacial en el crecimiento y la productividad del maní, especialmente en condiciones edafoclimáticas tropicales.
Método: El experimento se realizó en un diseño de bloques al azar con tres tratamientos de espaciamiento entre hileras (simple, denso y doble) y cuatro repeticiones. Se evaluaron variables de crecimiento (altura de planta, número de ramas), productividad (masa fresca, número de vainas por planta) y calidad (peso de 100 vainas secas). Los datos fueron analizados mediante ANOVA y prueba de Tukey al 5% de significancia.
Resultados y Discusión: Los resultados mostraron que el espaciamiento doble favoreció la ramificación y el peso de las vainas, mientras que el espaciamiento simple resultó en mayor biomasa fresca y número de vainas por planta. El espaciamiento denso presentó el menor rendimiento general debido a la alta competencia intraespecífica. Implicaciones de la Investigación: Los hallazgos ofrecen orientaciones técnicas para el manejo del maní en regiones tropicales húmedas, contribuyendo al aumento de la eficiencia productiva en sistemas de agricultura familiar.
Originalidad/Valor: Este estudio es pionero en analizar los efectos del espaciamiento en el maní Tatu en la Amazonía Oriental, aportando datos inéditos para la región y ampliando el conocimiento sobre prácticas sostenibles en su cultivo.
Palabras clave: Densidad de Siembra, Productividad, Cultivo Tropical, Leguminosas Oleaginosas.
1 INTRODUCTION
Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is a legume of great economic and social importance, widely cultivated in several regions of the world due to its multifunctionality and nutritional value (Todero et al., 2024). Based on the most recent data from the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), China leads groundnut production in 2023, with a production of 19.231 million tons, which is equivalent to about 39% of total global production (USDA, 2023).
In Brazil, the largest producer of the cultivar is the state of São Paulo with high technification (Costa et al., 2021), responsible for 89% of national production, in the 2013/2014 harvest, in the current 2024/25 harvest there was a 54.8% increase in its productivity (CONAB 2025). It is a legume that produces grains mainly rich in oil and protein, consumed worldwide in several ways (Costa et al., 2021).
Among the cultivated species, the Tatu Groundnut stands out for its short stature with semi-erect size, with an early development cycle estimated at 90 days after emergence and for its excellent adaptation to various soil and climate conditions, representing an advantageous option for small and medium-sized producers. This crop is also recognised for its resistance to several pest species, which helps to reduce the incidence of these contaminations in cultivated regions (CONAB 2025).
Costa et al. (2021) show the variation observed in the legume pods, especially in relation to length and diameter, grain quality in the pod and the size of groundnut seeds. Costa et al. (2021), highlight that the application of different characteristics in the improvement of groundnut culture offers more opportunities for the selection and differentiation between genotypes.
The choice of row spacing is a crucial factor for the good agricultural performance of crops such as peanuts (Santos et al., 2009). According to Santos et al. (2009), in their work published in Embrapa's Infoteca, this decision directly influences aspects such as the interception of sunlight, shading between plants, ventilation in the field and the intensity of competition between individuals of the same species. However, these elements, in turn, reflect on growth, development and, especially, crop productivity.
Despite the agronomic importance of peanuts and advances in the development of cultivars adapted to different regions, such as the Armadillo, technical information on the behaviour of this cultivar under different spatial arrangements is still limited, especially in humid tropical climate conditions. The proper definition of row spacing is essential for efficient crop management, as it directly influences light interception, aeration, plant shading, intraspecific competition, and consequently, crop agronomic performance.
Therefore, the present work had as general objective to evaluate the agronomic performance of the groundnut cultivar Tatu under different row spacings, considering variables related to growth, development, productivity and crop quality.
Specifically, we sought to analyse the vegetative growth of plants submitted to different spacings, verifying how the spatial arrangement influences the development and formation of reproductive structures, such as pods and grains. In addition, the objective was to determine the productivity of the crop in each spacing condition, as well as to evaluate the quality of the grains produced. Finally, it was intended to identify the most efficient line spacing for the cultivation of Tatu groundnut under the edaphoclimatic conditions of the experimental area.
2 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
2.1 IMPORTANCE OF PEANUTS IN BRAZILIAN AGRICULTURE
The groundnut crop is the fourth most cultivated oilseed in the world, it is planted on a large scale in the American, African and Asian continents. The planting is carried out aiming at the production of grains, oil, bran among others. Until the early 1970s, Brazil was an important producer of peanuts, with the states of São Paulo and Paraná being the main producers, responsible for 90% of national production. The production was intended to provide bran for animal feed and vegetable oil used for direct consumption, as well as for the manufacture of industrialised products such as margarines. In the same decade, several political and economic factors facilitated the expansion of soybeans, and changed the profile of production and consumption of peanuts in Brazil (Freitas et al., 2005).
According to Lourenzani & Smith (2006), the primary sector of agriculture has shown significant growth in the composition of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of Brazilian Agribusiness, driven mainly by high production rates and productivity. Brazil stands out as one of the main producers and exporters of grain, meat, corn, tobacco and other products. Within this scenario, some less evident agricultural sectors have been structured and seeking to position themselves among the most important in national agribusiness, such as peanuts.
In the Brazilian agricultural scenario, groundnut cultivation has already had, in the not too distant past, a prominent position. At a time when soybeans had not yet dominated the oilseeds market in Brazil, peanuts were one of the main crops. Groundnut cultivation has great importance in Brazilian agribusiness, standing out both in the economic aspect - by generating revenue in the producing regions and contributing to the trade balance - and in the social, by creating direct and indirect jobs in its production chain. Despite this, there is little research on the sector, and understanding its barriers and opportunities is essential to increase its competitiveness (Lourenzani & Smith, 2006).
2.2 INFLUENCE OF LINE SPACINGS
Among the various factors that influence groundnut productivity, climate and soil characteristics stand out as the most determinant. In several regions of Brazil, the edaphoclimatic conditions are so favourable that they make it possible to obtain up to two harvests a year. Although peanuts can be successfully cultivated in several types of soil, it is in fertile soils, of light texture, good fertility and well drained that it develops more efficiently, avoiding waterlogging during the rainy season (Ribeiro, 2003).
Groundnut crop productivity is also closely related to plant population density, which has a direct impact on yield components. This density is determined by the spacing between the lines and between the plants within the line (Assis, 2003).
Plant spacing is a crucial strategy in groundnut crop management, since it directly influences population density and, consequently, efficiency in the use of essential resources for growth, such as water, light and nutrients (Heid et al., 2016).
When spacing and plant density are inadequate, competition for these resources intensifies, with one plant shading the other and overloading root systems, especially in soils with water and nutrient limitations (Vazquez, 2005).
The correct use of plant spacing is a low-cost practice, easy to adopt by farmers, and fundamental for maximising productivity. In addition to favouring uniformity in plant maturation, adequate spacing contributes to weed control and promotes a more efficient use of essential resources (Chagas, 1988).
Thus, proper management of spacing is essential to optimise the use of natural resources, improve productivity and ensure the sustainable development of groundnut crop.
2.3 MORPHOLOGICAL AND AGRONOMIC ASPECTS OF THE ARMADILLO GROUNDNUT
Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) presents its genetically defined productive potential; however, its expression in the field depends directly on the climatic conditions and limiting factors throughout the crop cycle (Peixoto et al., 2008). According to the authors, the cultivar Tatu stands out for its phenotypic plasticity, evidenced by physiological mechanisms that allow the plant to adapt to different edaphoclimatic conditions, changing morphological and productive aspects according to the environment.
The cultivar Tatu belongs to the group of peanuts of semi-erect size and early cycle, with an average duration of 90 days. It is classified as an herbaceous and annual plant, and can present both lateral and vertical ramifications. Its root system is robust, with main root capable of reaching up to 1.5 metres deep, which favours the extraction of water and nutrients in deeper layers of the soil (Baptista, 2023).
An important agronomic differential is the symbiotic association with bacteria of the genus Rhizobium, which occurs around 15 days after emergence. These bacteria form nodules in the roots and perform the biological fixation of atmospheric nitrogen, which contributes to the reduction of the use of nitrogen fertilisers and makes peanuts a sustainable crop in production systems (Gil, 2019 as cited in Baptista, 2023, p. 10).
Another aspect that deserves to be highlighted is the underground fruiting. This characteristic imposes challenges to monitoring the growth and development of the crop, especially during the reproductive phase, since the observation of the pods requires their removal from the soil. This process can interfere with plant development and compromise the accuracy of phenological studies (Silva et al., 2021).
Thus, understanding the morphological and agronomic characteristics of Tatu Groundnut is essential for the efficient management of the crop. The variety adapts well to different soil and climate conditions, standing out for biological nitrogen fixation and rapid development. These aspects make Tatu Groundnut a productive and viable option for small and medium producers, contributing to agricultural sustainability and increased productivity.
3 METHODOLOGY
The experiment was conducted between June and September 2024 at the Acará Valley Agricultural Association (AAVA), through the Agricultural Dynamic Extension Programme of the Federal Rural University of Amazonia (UFRA). The area is located in the municipality of Tomé-Açu, in the northeastern region of the state of Pará, with geographic coordinates of 2 ° 24'53" S and 48 ° 08'60" W.
According to Santos et al. (2020), the region has an Ami climate, according to the Köppen classification, being characterised as mesothermal and humid. The climatic conditions are marked by an average annual temperature of 26 °C, relative humidity of the air around 85% and with average rainfall of 1,900 mm in 2023, which contributes to the maintenance of environments with high water availability throughout the year (Silva et al., 2025).
The experiment was conducted in a total area of 10 x 10 metres (100 m2). For the installation, the site was cleaned and the spontaneous vegetation was removed, in order to adequately delimit the experimental plots, facilitate planting operations and favour the initial establishment of the plants. The experimental units were marked with dimensions of 3.3 x 2.5 metres, corresponding to an area of 8.25 m2 each.
Fertilisation was carried out based on the interpretation of the results of the chemical analysis of the soil, according to the nutritional recommendations for groundnut cultivation established in Embrapa's Technical Instructions (2020). Natural reactive phosphate (Yoorin) was used as the source of phosphorus (P) and potassium chloride (KCL) as the source of potassium (K). The opening of the furrows and pits for application of fertilisers and subsequent seeding was performed manually, using hoe as an implement.
The cover fertilisation was performed 15 days after the emergence of the plants. For the phosphorus supply, 41.18 g of Yorin per linear metre were applied in single spacing, 17.64 g in the line of dense spacing and 24.26 g in line of double spacing. In addition, potassium chloride (KCl) was used to supply potassium, with application of 11.60 g per line in single spacing, 5.00 g per line in dense spacing and 6.87 g per line in double spacing.
The experimental design was a randomised block design with three row spacings (treatments): Single Spacing (0.70 m); Dense Spacing (0.30 m); and Double Spacing (0.30 x 0.60 m), each with four replications, totalling 12 experimental units in all.
For cultivation, a total of 3,264 groundnut seeds were distributed homogeneously in the planting lines. Being sown 4 seeds per crow, with 12 pits per linear metre in the plots.
Thus, the plots for the treatment with single spacing were composed of 5 rows of planting, with spacing of 0.20 m between plants and 0.70 m between rows. In the plots with dense spacing, 11 lines were used, with 0.20 m between plants and 0.30 m between lines. Finally, the plots with double spacing were structured with 8 lines, organised in pairs with 0.20 m between plants and 0.30 m between lines within the pair, followed by an interval of 0.60 m until the beginning of the next pair of lines.
Plant height (AP) and number of branches (NR) were analysed at 30, 45, 60 and 90 days after sowing (DAS), using a tape measure to measure the AP and NR obtained from the count. The fresh mass of the plant (MFP), the weight of 100 dried pods (PCVS) and the amount of pods per plant were analysed at 95 DAS, when the groundnut was harvested. The PFM was determined using a digital precision scale, model SF-400. The amount of pods per plant and the weight of 100 pods was counted and weighed (Freitas et al., 2020; Pinto et al., 2020).
The collected data were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA) in the RStudio software. To verify the existence of significant differences between treatments, the F test was used, adopting a significance level of 5% (p <0.05). When significant differences were identified, the comparison of means was performed by the Tukey test, also at the 5% probability level.
4 RESULTSS AND DISCUSSÕES
Table 1 shows the effects of different row spacings (single, dense and double) for plant height (PH) and number of branches (NR) at 30 and 45 days after sowing (DAS).
It is observed that there was no statistical difference for plant height, both at 30 DAS and 45 DAS in any row spacing. However, observing the means it can be said that the double spacing obtained better results for the two periods evaluated (22.55 cm at 30 DAS and 34.92 cm at 45 DAS), followed by dense spacing (21.22 cm at 30 DAS and 32.85 cm at 45 DAS).
Ramanini Junior (2007) evaluating single spacing of 0.90 m, double spacing of 0.17 m x 0.73 m and different plant densities, observed similar results for plant height, which showed no statistically significant differences for the effects of different spacings and plant densities tested.
According to Peixoto et al. (2008), although no statistically significant differences were observed between the spacings, the data in Table 1 indicate a clear trend: plants grown in lower densities showed lower height, while those under higher densities exhibited higher height. This behaviour may be related to greater intraspecific competition in reduced spacing, leading plants to increase their height in search of light. At lower densities, the lower competition between plants may have favoured a more balanced growth in height.
For the number of branches, there was no significant difference in any period evaluated. However, the double spacing obtained better results, with 6 and 11 branches at 30 and 45 DAS, respectively. It is also observed that at 30 DAS the simple and dense spacing obtained equal averages for the number of branches, with 5 branches. While at 45 DAS, single spacing obtained the same result for double spacing, with 11 branches.
Tourino et al. (2002), when evaluating different row spacings (45 and 60 cm) combined with varying densities (10, 13, 16, 19 and 22 plants m-1), found that the greater availability of space between rows in the spacing of 60 cm favoured the emission of lateral branches by plants. In this case, the greater row spacing compensated for the reduction of the space within the lines, allowing less competition and, consequently, better vegetative development.
On the other hand, in narrower spacings, this compensation was limited, and the increase in population density intensified the competition between plants for resources such as light, water and nutrients. This increased competition reduced the expression of the individual potential of each plant, resulting in lower emission of lateral branches.
This behaviour described by Tourino et al. (2002) was confirmed in the present study with the groundnut crop. It was verified that the dense spacing presented the lowest number of lateral branches, evidencing that the high density of plants compromised the vegetative development. In contrast, the larger spacings, especially the double spacing, provided better growth conditions, reflected in a greater number of branches per plant, even though there was no statistical difference.
Table 2 shows the effects of different row spacings (single, dense and double) for plant height (PH) and number of branches (NR) at 60 and 90 days after sowing (DAS).
It was observed that there was no statistically significant difference for plant height in any of the spacings evaluated, both at 60 days after sowing (DAS) and at 90 DAS. However, when analysing the means, a variation between treatments over time is perceived.
At 60 DAS, single spacing had the highest average height, with 46.77 cm, followed by double spacing, with 46.37 cm. At 90 DAS, this trend was reversed: double spacing recorded the highest average value, with 49 cm, while single spacing obtained 47.5 cm.
According to Sandini et al. (2024), although plant height is considered an important variable in many agricultural crops, in the case of peanuts this parameter does not represent a decisive factor for productivity. This occurs due to the plant's habit of semi-erect growth, which favours the emission of lateral ramifications - a structure that contributes in a more effective way to the formation of pods than growth in height.
For the number of branches, there was no significant difference in the evaluated period of 60 DAS, however, in the period of 90 DAS, the double spacing obtained a significant result. It was observed that the double spacing obtained an average result of 22 branches, standing out in relation to the other spacings, which obtained an average result of 15 branches.
Silva et al. (2021), when evaluating different spacings in soybean, observed that the number of primary branches and pods, regardless of the number of grains per pod, was not influenced by row spacing. However, the authors highlighted that the smaller plant population favoured the greater number of primary branches, possibly due to reduced competition between plants for light, water and nutrients.
Similarly, in the present study with the groundnut crop, it was found that the dense spacing - characterised by the higher population density - resulted in the lowest number of lateral branches. This behaviour reinforces the influence of intraspecific competition on vegetative development. On the other hand, the larger spacings, such as the simple and especially the double, provided more favourable conditions for plant growth, which is associated with the semi-erect growth habit of the cultivar used.
Corroborating this dynamic, Ramanini Junior (2007) observed that the arrangement in double lines resulted in plants with 12% more branches than those grown in single lines. In a more expressive way, the present study revealed that the double spacing provided an increase of 46.67% in the number of lateral branches per plant, compared to the simple and dense spacing, at 90 days after sowing.
Table 3 presents the effects of different row spacings (single, dense and double) for the variables of fresh plant mass (MFP), weight of one hundred (100) dried pods (PCVS) and number of pods per plant (VP) at 95 days after sowing (DAS), when the groundnut harvest was performed.
The fresh mass of the plant (MFP) showed statistically significant differences between all spacings evaluated. The single spacing was the one that resulted in the highest average of MFP (565.48 g), being higher in 68.12% and 23.57% in relation to dense and double spacing, respectively. These data indicate that the greater distance between lines provided better conditions for vegetative growth of plants.
This behaviour may be related to lower intraspecific competition for factors such as light, water and nutrients, allowing greater branching emission and shoot development. According to Carneiro (2006), groundnut plants grown under lower density tend to have a higher number of lateral branches, which favours the accumulation of biomass.
On the other hand, the dense spacing presented the lowest average fresh mass (180.31 g), which suggests that the high population density intensified the competition between plants, limiting their development. The double spacing (432.25 g) had intermediate performance, differing statistically from the other two treatments, pointing to a possible balance between population density and efficient use of available space.
For the weight of one hundred dried pods (PCVS), no statistically significant difference was observed between the spacings evaluated. However, it is noteworthy that the double spacing presented the highest average, with 130.83 g, followed by single spacing (109.16 g) and, finally, dense spacing (100.83 g). These results indicate a trend of greater accumulation of mass per pod in arrangements that provide greater space between plants, even without detectable statistical difference.
Similar results were reported by Ramanini Junior (2007), who also did not observe statistical differences for the mass of pods per plant between the evaluated spacings, although he identified a tendency of greater mass in arrangements with less competition. Likewise, Heid et al. (2016), when evaluating two groundnut genotypes (Brown and Painted) in three row spacings (50, 66 and 75 cm), did not verify a significant effect of spacings or genotypes on the dry mass of commercial and non-commercial pods.
However, in the present study, there is a clear trend of superiority of double spacing, with an increase of 22.94% and 16.59% in the average weight of the hundred dry pods in relation to dense and simple spacing, respectively. This difference may be related to the greater individual development of plants under lower intraspecific competition, which favours the formation of larger and well-developed pods, even if in smaller quantities.
For the amount of pods per plant, there was a significant difference between treatments. The single spacing was superior in relation to the other spacings, with an average of 43 pods, being 71.86% and 30.23% superior to the dense and double spacing, respectively. It is also observed that the dense and double spacing were statistically equal, however, the double shows up with a better average of 30 pods and the dense with 25 pods, being 16.67% lower than the double spacing.
Oliveira et al. (2022) reported that larger row spacings favour greater individual plant development, reflected mainly in the increase in the number of pods per plant. However, when the spacing is excessive, there is a reduction in total productivity per area, since the individual gain does not compensate for the lower plant density.
Silva et al. (2021), when evaluating different spacings in the soybean crop, observed that the variation between the spacings did not exert significant influence on the productivity of pods in the main stem. However, the authors highlighted the expectation that, with the reduction of row spacing and the consequent increase in distance between plants in the line, there could be an increase in the number of pods per plant due to lower competition for resources.
However, contrary to what was reported by this author, in the present study it was verified that, under reduced spacing, there was a decrease in the number of pods per plant, evidencing that the densification compromised the expression of the individual productive potential of the plants.
However, in larger spacings, it was observed that this arrangement resulted in a greater number of pods per plant. This result can be attributed to lower intraspecific competition, favouring the development of lateral ramifications - a remarkable characteristic of cultivars with semi-erect growth habit, as used in this experiment.
Corroborating this dynamic, Ramanini Junior (2007) observed that, under less competition for factors such as light, water and nutrients, groundnut plants tend to emit more branches, which contributes directly to the increase in pod formation.
It was also observed that the largest number of lateral branches occurred in the spacing in double arrangement. Despite this, this treatment did not present the highest number of pods per plant. This difference may be related to the way the plant distributes its resources, prioritising the development of vegetative structures over the production of a greater number of fruits.
However, even without statistically significant difference for the PCVS, the double spacing showed the highest average between treatments. This result can be attributed to the larger size of the pods in this arrangement, although in smaller quantities. On the other hand, in the single spacing, a higher number of pods per plant was observed, but with smaller dimensions, indicating a compensation between number and size of the pods.
5 CONCLUSION
The results show that, although no statistically significant differences were observed for all variables analysed, the spatial arrangement directly influenced the development of plants and the expression of their productive potential.
It was evidenced that, in the edaphoclimatic conditions of the experimental area, the simple spacing and the double spacing were more suitable for the cultivation of armadillo groundnut, being recommended for producers who seek balance between vegetative development, productivity and quality of the pods. It is important to emphasise, however, the importance of further studies at different times of the year and in other regions, in order to validate and expand the results obtained here.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We thank the Group of Studies in Soils of the Amazon (GESAM) for the dedication and the valuable work developed throughout the research. We extend our sincere thanks to our advisors for their support and guidance. We are also grateful to the Acará Valley Agricultural Association (AAVA) for the assignment of the space that made this study possible.
Sidebar
References
REFERENCES
Assis, W. L. C. (2003). Produtividade de amendoim, cv. Tatu Vermelho, em diferentes espaçamentos e densidades, na época das águas em Uberlândia-MG (Monografia de especialização, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia).
Carneiro, M. S. (2006). Influência do espaçamento no desenvolvimento do amendoim, cultivar Runner IAC 886 (Trabalho de conclusão de curso, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho").
Chagas, J. M. (1988). Plantio. In M. J. O. Zimmermann (Ed.), Cultura do feijão: fatores que afetam a produtividade (pp. 303-316). Associação Brasileira para Pesquisa da Potassa e do Fosfato.
Companhia Nacional de Abastecimento (CONAB). (2025). Acompanhamento da safra brasileira de grãos: Safra 2024/25, sétimo levantamento (v. 12, n. 7). Brasília, DF.
Costa, J. A., et al. (2021). Divergência genética em genótipos de amendoinzeiro do grupo vegetativo Valência. Extensão Rural: Práticas e Pesquisas Para o Fortalecimento da Agricultura Familiar, 1(19), 254-267. https://doi.org/10.37885/201202455
Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária. (2020). Recomendações de calagem e adubação para o estado do Pará (v. 2, n. 424). Embrapa.<https://www.embrapa.br/busca-de-publicacoes/-/publicacao/1125022/recomendacoes-de-calagem-e-adubacao-para-o>- estado-do-para
Heid, D. M., Zárate, N. A. H., Ohland, R. A. A., Torales, E. P., Moreno, L. B., & Vieira, M. do C. (2019). Produtividade agronômica de genótipos de amendoim Virginia cultivados com diferentes espaçamentos entre fileiras no canteiro. Revista de Ciências Agrárias, 39(1), 105-113. https://doi.org/10.19084/RCA15058
Lourenzani, W. L., & Smith, A. E. B. (2006). Potencialidades do agronegócio brasileiro de amendoim. Questões Agrárias, Educação no Campo e Desenvolvimento, Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Campus de Tupã, 1-18.
Oliveira, S. L., et al. (2022). Yield response to row spacing, irrigation and varieties of peanut in the semiarid region of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Ciências Agrárias, 17(3), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.5039/agraria.v17i3a1720
Peixoto, C. P., Gonçalves, J. A., Peixoto, M. F. S. P., & Carmo, D. O. (2008). Características agronômicas e produtividade de amendoim em diferentes espaçamentos e épocas de semeadura no Recôncavo Baiano. Bragantia, 67(3), 673-684.
Pinto, A. A., Pinto, L. A., Santana, L. D., Câmara, F. T., & Silva, L. F. V. (2020). Cultivo de amendoim em função da adubação e do espaçamento entre plantas em sistema de sequeiro e irrigação complementar. Colloquium Agrariae, 16(3), 27-36. https://doi.org/10.5747/ca.2020.v16.n3.a369
Ribeiro, M. C. (2003). Produtividade de amendoim, cv. Super Tatu, sob diferentes espaçamentos e densidades, semeada na época das águas, em Uberlândia-MG (Monografia de especialização, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia).
Romanini Junior, A. (2007). Influência do espaçamento de plantas no crescimento, produtividade e rendimento do amendoim rasteiro, cultivar Runner IAC 886 (Dissertação de mestrado, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho").
Sandini, A. H., Guimarães, A. G., Botelho, G. R., Torres Junior, C. C., Santos, E. A. F., & Belen, G. D. (2024). Crescimento vegetativo de genótipos de milho com diferentes inoculantes e adubações nitrogenadas. Scientia Agraria, 20(2), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.5380/rsa.v20i2.95536
Santos, A. A. C. dos et al. A cultura do Arachis hypogaea L.: uma revisão. Research, Society and Development, v. 10, n. 2, p. 1-5, 9 fev. 2021. Disponível em: http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i2.12719.
Santos, L. S. et al. Paisagem rural da microrregião de Tomé-Açu sob a ótica bertrandiana. Revista Brasileira de Geografia Física, Recife, v. 12, n. 7, p. 2694-2715, 2020. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.26848/.
Santos, R. C. dos et al. Amendoim: o produtor pergunta, a Embrapa responde. Brasília, DF: Embrapa Informação Tecnológica, 2009. 246 p. Disponível em: https://www.infoteca.cnptia.embrapa.br/bitstream/doc/578407/1/500perguntasamendoim. pdf. Acesso em: 08 maio 2025.
Silva, A. G. da et al. Influência do espaçamento entrelinhas e da população de plantas a uma cultivar de soja de hábito de crescimento indeterminado. Nucleus, Rio Verde, v. 18, n. 1, p. 43-61, 30 abr. 2021. Disponível em: http://dx.doi.org/10.3738/1982.2278.3857.
Silva, B. C. et al. Manejo fitotécnico de culturas leguminosas e oleaginosas: cultura do amendoim. 5. ed. São João da Boa Vista: Unifeob, 2021. 11 p. Disponível em: http://ibict.unifeob.edu.br:8080/jspui/bitstream/prefix/5917/1/Relatorio1_Modulo5_Grup o2_EAD_2021.pdf. Acesso em: 13 maio 2025.
Silva, L. M. da, Parente, D. da S., Coelho, J. M. S., Silva, S. C. R. da, Paiva, J. P. D., Valente, B. S. F, ... Alves, LA (2025). Uso de Trichoderma e Bacillus no Manejo Biológico Sustentável para Produção de Girassol (Helianthus annuus L.) na Amazônia. Revista De Gestão Social E Ambiental , 19 (5), e012156. https://doi.org/10.24857/rgsa.v19n5-089
Todero, A. S. et al. Propriedades e características do amendoim (Arachis hypogaea L.): da lavoura ao produto - uma revisão. Revista Perspectiva, Erechim, v. 48, n. 182, p. 119-131, 5 dez. 2024. Disponível em: http://dx.doi.org/10.31512/persp.v.48.n.182.2024.422.p.119- 131.
Tourino, M. C. C.; Rezende, P. M.; Salvador, N. Espaçamento, densidade e uniformidade de semeadura na produtividade e características agronômicas da soja. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira, Brasília, v. 37, n. 8, p. 1071-1077, ago. 2002.
United States Department Of Agriculture - USDA. Foreign Agricultural Service: U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2023. Disponível em: https://ipad.fas.usda.gov/cropexplorer/cropview/commodityView.aspx?cropid=2221000 &rankby=Production&sel_year=2023. Acesso em: 07 maio 2025.
Vazquez, G. H.; Carvalho, N. M.; Borba, M. M. Z. Redução na população de plantas sobre a produtividade e a qualidade fisiológica da semente de soja. Revista Brasileira de Sementes, v. 30, n. 2, p. 1-11, 2008. Acesso em: 10 maio 2025.
Ferrari Neto, J.; Costa, C. H. M.; Castro, G. S. A. Ecofisiologia do amendoim. Perspectiva, Botucatu, v. 48, n. 182, p. 119-131, 2024. Disponível em: http://dx.doi.org/10.31512/persp.v.48.n.182.2024.422.p.119-131.
