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High-performance computing (HPC) systems are pushing data centre power consumption beyond global electricity growth rates. To increase the power efficiency of these gigawatt-scale complexes, the distribution voltage of the busbars within each server rack has shifted from 12V to 48V. Simultaneously, modern microprocessors—enabled by advances in semiconductor manufacturing and lithography—are operating at sub-1V core voltages. This creates a challenging power conversion gap. Unfortunately, conventional multiphase buck (CMB) converters—widely used for 12V-to-1V regulation—are unsuitable for direct 48V-to-sub-1V conversion while meeting stringent voltage regulation, efficiency, and power density requirements.
Multiphase hybrid switched-capacitor (HSC) converters offer a promising alternative for these high-step-down, high-current applications. Their appeal lies in their collective potential for high efficiency, compact form factors, and topological flexibility for application-specific functional superiority. Thus, this dissertation focuses on advancing HSC designs to meet the demands of next-generation HPC voltage regulation.
The first contribution introduces modulation schemes for the series-capacitor buck (SCB), a popular single-stage multiphase HSC topology. These schemes increase the maximum achievable output voltage for a given inductor count (N) by a factor of nearly N/2 while preserving an N-phase operation. This results in improved conversion efficiency and transient response, particularly when using coupled inductors. Additionally, a separate digital control technique raises the output voltage resolution by a factor of N, enabling finer regulation granularity.
The second contribution addresses a dynamic performance degradation observed in SCBs with increased inductor count—a limitation not present in CMBs. Through system-level co-design, a modified topology, termed "multilevel SCB," is introduced. This converter significantly improves dynamic responses without increasing switch voltage stress, making it more suitable for demanding HPC workloads.
The third contribution tackles power density constraints in HPC environments. A general synthesis methodology is introduced for HSC topologies, enabling the derivation of both known and novel configurations. Some of these outperform the SCB in key metrics, including power density. The methodology also supports the design of intermediate bus converters (IBCs), broadening its applicability to multi-stage power architectures.
Appendices cover large-signal modelling, electrical analysis of coupled magnetics, and the design of a scalable, ultra-low-voltage, high-current electronic load for VRM efficiency testing.