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In 2022, as part of an ongoing assignment from Congress, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine set out to evaluate if a set of National Institutes of Health (NIH) grants to fuel science start-ups worked as intended. The aim was to determine whether Small Business Innovation Research and Small Business Technology Transfer grants spur productive collaborations, technology transfer, and economic benefits--but NIH refused to share how applications to both grant programs were ranked (and thus funded) by the expert review panels tasked with evaluating them, hindering the Academies' efforts. "Although the committee requested priority score information from NIH, this information was not provided because of confidentiality concerns," the report read. "If future analyses are to be more robust and enable stronger statements on program impact, NIH will need to find a way to provide this information to researchers, as it and other agencies have done in the past."