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What theological, doctrinal, and cultural sources defined Paul's thinking about fatherhood and fatherly care and his role as a spiritual father in the New Testament church? The study presents the concept of fatherhood and its respective role in the different cultures of the Ancient Near East, that may have influenced Paul's thinking about fatherhood. In turn, the author presents that understanding the paternal metaphors used by the apostle Paul are essential to understanding his thinking about fatherhood and paternal care in a more coherent way not only in the context of the New Testament church but also for the contemporary church with its respective implications and applications.