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My dissertation studies the visual propaganda produced by the Colombia’s National Front governments to promote its Agrarian Reform program during the 1960s and 1970s. INCORA (Colombian Agrarian Reform Institute), the state agency that managed the Reform, hired the most prominent photographers and filmmakers to make its visual promotion. This promotion was primarily aimed at campesinos, the rural population, of which 65.7% was illiterate in the mid-1960s. INCORA’s visual propaganda had the objective of counteracting the devastating consequences of the political conflicts between Liberals and Conservatives in rural areas, commonly known as La Violencia. The propaganda also visually counteracted land struggles, the emergence of guerrilla movements, and the infiltration of Communism.
This dissertation conceptualizes INCORA’s visual promotion as “visual worlds” that promoted land parceling and colonization programs, as well as campesino cooperatives and associations. I consider the land programs as a visual world of a Promised Land and the cooperatives programs as a visual world of jodidos-pero-jodones (“screwed, but annoying”) campesinos. This second visual world was a double challenge, as INCORA gave land loans to campesinos, which left most of them with a high debt in the long run (the “screwed” part). However, the government also founded campesino organizations, like ANUC (National Association of Campesino Users), which allowed campesinos to develop their political leadership (the “annoying” part).
My study analyzes INCORA’s visual world makers —photographers, filmmakers, and sociologists— who formed their own political opinions about the Agrarian Reform and used their visual materials to build their professional careers once the Reform ended. One of them was Edelmira Pérez Correa, who became a pioneer sociologist that took non-promotional photographs of the relationship between INCORA and campesinos in Colombia’s Caribbean region.
I then examine the divergent campesinos’ responses towards the Agrarian Reform. In the 1970s, some made mocking and derogatory comments about the Reform, and ANUC published visual pamphlets criticizing INCORA. In contrast, old campesino leaders have developed nostalgic memories, using photographs about the Reform. As of 2025, a campesino community, located 70.8 miles from Bogotá, has a billboard of an INCORA land parceling project, keeping the Agrarian Reform’s visual memory alive.