Content area
This study investigates the dynamics of media control in Ethiopia following the 2018 government reforms. Basing the analysis on the four normative theories of the press, it explores the ontological and epistemological frameworks of media practices in a country with a rich literary tradition but a challenging history of press freedom. Using a purposive sampling strategy, the study conducted 24 key informant interviews, primarily across six prominent media institutions in Ethiopia. Participants were selected based on their extensive knowledge and expertise related to the topic under investigation. To corroborate and enrich the qualitative insights, a complementary content analysis of 300 news items was undertaken within an interpretive analytical framework. This research, therefore, uncovers explicit tactics employed by the Ethiopian government, including legal restrictions, self-censorship, financial manipulation, and intimidation, to suppress dissent and control narratives. Additionally, it examines implicit control techniques that pressure media professionals to conform to state-approved viewpoints. In response to these challenges, media workers adopt various strategies, ranging from adhering to state narratives for safety to risking their safety to maintain independent journalism, seeking assistance from international organizations, or operating from exile. This study highlights the resilience of Ethiopian media practitioners amidst significant constraints.