Content area
Modern cosmological research heavily relies on statistical analyses of the shape of large cosmic structures. Tracers range from temperature variations in the cosmic microwave background to the distribution of galaxies and galaxy clusters. One common aspect of all these data sets is their distribution over the whole sky, calling for analysis tools that can be applied on the surface of the sphere. Additionally, observational data is plagued by foregrounds --- the cosmic microwave background may be covered by anything else in the observable universe --- which requires rigorous masking to be handled by said tools. One promising avenue is provided by the Minkowski functionals and tensors. These are versatile morphometric instruments from integral geometry and characterize basic geometric properties of shapes such as contour length and preferred directions. They comprehensively describe all additive shape information for convex shapes. Masking can be handled straightforwardly as the tools operate in real space, as opposed to, e.g., the power spectrum. On the sphere, the functionals and the Cartesian representation of the tensors have been previously established. In this work, I have developed a version of the irreducible Minkowski tensors on the sphere, enabling simple access to higher symmetries and the corresponding preferred directions. Additionally, I provide a publicly available software package for the calculation of both irreducible and Cartesian Minkowski tensors on the sphere depicted as maps for data in the commonly used HEALPix format. I then apply a localized Minkowski analysis to cosmic microwave background data and simulations presented by the Planck Collaboration, finding two notable spots where the temperature fluctuations in the data appear more elongated than in the simulations. Furthermore, I showcase the usefulness of Minkowski tensors in analyzing a plethora of large-scale structure data coming from vastly different sources and data formats, specifically the Uchuu and GLAM simulations and a selection of SDSS data, the Planck cluster catalog, eROSITA all-sky maps, the eROSITA eRASS 1 galaxy group and cluster catalog, and Magneticum simulations showing slices of structure formation at different redshifts. For the latter, the Minkowski tensors are sensitive to differences in maps generated for different cosmic parameters. This selection demonstrates the versatility of the tools at hand and provides a handbook for future users for both noisy and smoothed data. The Minkowski functionals and tensors in both representations are now readily available to the scientific community, with possible applications reaching beyond cosmology and astronomy.