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Background: Climate change is an escalating public health emergency that increasingly drives forced displacement, particularly through flooding. Although climate-driven disasters disrupt entire communities, their consequences are profoundly gendered. Women often shoulder disproportionate caregiving burdens, face barriers to healthcare access, and experience economic and psychological strain during and after displacement. In California’s Central Coast, recurrent flooding in the Watsonville and Pájaro region has repeatedly displaced agricultural, largely Latino, and low-income populations. Yet, little research has examined women’s lived experiences within these recurring climate events and the structural conditions that shape their recovery.
Objectives: This dissertation aimed to (1) examine the health, safety, and recovery experiences of women displaced by flooding in the United States; (2) identify social, economic, and policy factors that influence women’s health and well-being during climate-driven displacement; and (3) explore how gendered caregiving roles and structural inequities interact to shape long-term recovery trajectories in California communities affected by flooding.
Methods: The research employed a two-part design. First, a scoping review synthesized 20 U.S.-based studies (2000–2024) exploring the health impacts of climate-driven displacement on women. Second, an interpretive phenomenological study was conducted with 22 participants—women displaced by the 2023 Watsonville and Pájaro floods and community members involved in disaster response. Semi-structured interviews were analyzed through interpretive phenomenology informed by Edward Casey’s theory of place and Mindy Fullilove’s concept of root shock, emphasizing how displacement unsettles identity, belonging, and continuity. Naomi Klein’s disaster capitalism framework guided macro-level analysis of institutional and policy failures.
Results: The scoping review revealed that most research on climate-driven displacement in the U.S. is quantitative, centered on hurricanes, and rarely disaggregates gendered health outcomes. Common findings included heightened rates of trauma, depression, reproductive health complications, food insecurity, and gender-based violence among displaced women. The phenomenological findings illuminated the lived dimensions of these impacts. Participants described acute fear during flooding, persistent mental and physical health challenges, disrupted caregiving roles, and limited access to healthcare and aid. Many described feeling invisible in recovery efforts and frustrated by fragmented county responses, as displacement disrupted the very systems of care that once sustained community life. At the macro level, systemic neglect, jurisdictional fragmentation, and inequitable policy implementation compounded harms across time. Conclusions: This study reveals that climate-driven flooding in California is both and environmental and social crisis, marked by inequities in disaster governance and recovery. Women’s experiences highlight how displacement transforms identity, health, and belonging, and expose systemic failures in institutional response. Advancing gender equity through inclusive planning and targeted support is vital to building resilient communities.