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Can a river speak when its meanders die? This dissertation examines the recognition of the Atrato River as the first river with rights in Latin America. Located in the Chocó Pacific lowlands in northwestern Colombia, the Atrato River is home to many Black, Indigenous, and white-mestiza peasant-farmer communities. The study traces how the river became a “subject with rights” in 2016 and analyzes how this recognition functions as a form of power. Challenging rights-based approaches framing the river’s becoming, the project investigates how mineral extraction produces value through the exploitation of racialized bodies and territories, collective land titling, and their articulation across material relations and subjectivities. The methodology employed was a multi-sited ethnography of extractive frontiers, tracking conflicts, people, and machinery involved in alluvial gold and hard-rock copper mining. Based on two years of fieldwork, the seven chapters offer testimonials from grassroots movements fighting to defend their livelihoods amid three violent contexts: (1) counter-insurgent war, (2) destructive resource extraction, and (3) toxic landscapes of exposure. The study concludes that the river-as-subject is not one but multiple—a network of sites where human-machine arrangements valorize metals while destroying, devaluing, and enclosing collective lands for future extraction. The dissertation identifies these processes as operations of racial capitalism working through race, ethnicity, gender, and legal discourses on the Rights of Nature. The project advances the concept of extimacies, or the heterogeneous ways in which capital enacts itself as a political actor through material relations of extraction and various types of non-human, rights-bearing subjects.