Impact of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) on epigenetic regulation in the uterus: a narrative review

Abstract

Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are ubiquitous in the environment and have been shown to interfere with the endocrine system, leading to adverse effects on reproductive health. In females, EDC exposure has been linked to menstrual irregularities, infertility, and pregnancy complications. Epigenetic regulation, which involves modifications to DNA and histones that do not alter the underlying genetic code, plays a crucial role in female reproduction. EDCs have been shown to disrupt epigenetic mechanisms, leading to changes in gene expression that can have long-term effects on reproductive outcomes. Several EDCs, including bisphenol A (BPA) and phthalates, dioxins, and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), have been shown to alter DNA methylation patterns and histone modifications in female reproductive tissues. These changes can lead to altered expression of genes involved in ovarian function, implantation, and placental development. Here, we integrate epidemiological and experimental evidence from the last 20 years to profile the types of diseases that EDCs trigger in the female reproductive system in relation to the uterus, and the corresponding molecular mechanisms that have been studied. In addition, this review will outline the state of knowledge of EDC epigenetic regulation in the uterus and how it impacts reproductive health, as well as identify areas for future research.