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Contents
- Abstract
- Distinguishing Stigma Consciousness From Related Constructs
- Study 1: Development of the SCQ for Women
- Method
- Participants
- Procedure
- Results
- Study 2: Validating the SCQ for Women
- Method
- Participants
- Overview of Procedure
- Procedure for Phase 1
- The SCQ for women
- The Social Interaction subscale of Spence et al.’s (1980) MFRQ
- Swim et al.’s (1995) Modern Sexism Scale
- Fenigstein et al.’s (1975) SCS
- Spence and Helmreich’s (1978) AWS
- Spence et al.’s (1974, 1975) PAQ-self and PAQ-stereotypes
- Procedure for Phase 2
- Results
- Phase 1
- Phase 2
- Stigma consciousness and examples of sexism
- Comparing perceptions of discrimination at the group and personal levels
- Discussion
- Study 3: Development and Validation of the SCQ for Gay Men and Lesbians
- Method
- Participants
- Procedure
- The SCQ for gay men and lesbians
- Trust in people
- Measures of perceived discrimination
- Results
- Study 4: Stigma Consciousness’s Domain Specificity and Discriminant Validity
- Method
- Participants
- Procedure
- Henderson-King and Stewart’s (1997) Sensitivity to Sexism Scale
- Rickard’s (1987; as presented in Henderson-King & Stewart, 1997) Feminist Identity Scale
- Results
- Stigma Consciousness and Domain Specificity
- Stigma Consciousness, Sensitivity to Sexism, and Group Consciousness
- Study 5: A Known-Groups Validation Study
- Method
- Participants
- Procedure
- Results and Discussion
- Study 6: Stigma-Consciousness and Behavior
- Method
- Participants
- Procedure
- Results
- Discussion
- General Discussion
Figures and Tables
Abstract
Whereas past researchers have treated targets of stereotypes as though they have uniform reactions to their stereotyped status (e.g., J. Crocker & B. Major, 1989; C. M. Steele & J. Aronson, 1995), it is proposed here that targets differ in the extent to which they expect to be stereotyped by others (i.e., stigma consciousness). Six studies, 5 of which validate the stigma-consciousness questionnaire (SCQ), are presented. The results suggest that the SCQ is a reliable and valid instrument for detecting differences in stigma consciousness. In addition, scores on the SCQ predict perceptions of discrimination and the ability to generate convincing examples of such discrimination. The final study highlights a behavioral consequence of stigma consciousness: the tendency for people high in stigma consciousness to forgo opportunities to invalidate stereotypes about their group. The relation of stigma consciousness to past research on...