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Much of the work in today's service industries requires women to deal with people outside of their organizations, namely, customers and clients, yet research on sexual harassment has focused almost exclusively on sexual harassment within organizations. Because the threat of harassment also operates at the boundaries of organizations, our existing models based solely on harassment inside organizations may be too restricted to adequately explain the harassment experiences of women in today's economy. To address this, the authors introduce a theoretical model of the antecedents and consequences of sexual harassment by clients and customers (CSH) and describe 2 field studies conducted to test components of the model. In Study 1, they developed a model of antecedents and consequences of CSH and illustrated that certain contextual factors (client power and gender composition of the client base) affect levels of CSH and that CSH is related to a number of job and psychological outcomes among professional women. Study 2 revealed that CSH is related to lower job satisfaction among nonprofessional women, above and beyond that which is accounted for by internal sexual harassment. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

Barriers to the advancement of women in the workplace have been given widespread attention in the academic and popular press, so much so that terms such as “wage gap,” “glass ceiling,” and “sexual harassment” have become part of our common parlance. A myriad of roadblocks to women's success have been documented, from sexual harassment and sex-role stereotyping (Rosenberg, Perlstadt, & Phillips, 1993; Rudman & Glick, 1999),...