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article article-type="article" dtd-version="1.0" structure-type="article" xml:lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"> Journal of Personality and Social Psychology Personality Processes and Individual Differences 0022-3514 1939-1315 American Psychological Association psp_94_1_168 10.1037/0022-3514.94.1.168 2007-19165-013 Why Can't a Man Be More Like a Woman? Sex Differences in Big Five Personality Traits Across 55 Cultures Charles S. Carver Editor David P. Schmitt Anu Realo Martin Voracek Jüri Allik Department of Psychology, Bradley University Department of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia The Estonian Centre of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Tartu, Estonia Department of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria

The writing of this article was supported by Grants 6797 and 5677 from the Estonian Science Foundation and by Estonian Ministry of Science and Education Grant 0182585s03 to Anu Realo and Jüri Allik. We thank Toomas Tammaru and Peeter Hõrak for valuable comments and suggestions.

David P. Schmitt, Department of Psychology, Bradley University, 105 Comstock Hall, Peoria, IL 62625 INVALID_URI_IN_SOURCE Jüri Allik, Department of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tiigi 78, Tartu 50410, Estonia INVALID_URI_IN_SOURCE January 2008 94 1 168 182 August 28, 2006 July 3, 2007 July 18, 2007 2008 American Psychological Association Correction to Schmitt et al. (2008)

Previous research suggested that sex differences in personality traits are larger in prosperous, healthy, and egalitarian cultures in which women have more opportunities equal with those of men. In this article, the authors report cross-cultural findings in which this unintuitive result was replicated across samples from 55 nations (N = 17,637). On responses to the Big Five Inventory, women reported higher levels of neuroticism, extraversion, agreeableness, and conscientiousness than did men across most nations. These findings converge with previous studies in which different Big Five measures and more limited samples of nations were used. Overall, higher levels of human development—including long and healthy life, equal access to knowledge and education, and economic wealth—were the main nation-level predictors of larger sex differences in personality. Changes in men's personality traits appeared to be the primary cause of sex difference variation across cultures. It is proposed that heightened levels of sexual dimorphism result from personality traits of men and women being less constrained and more able to naturally diverge in developed nations. In less fortunate social and economic conditions, innate personality differences between men...

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