Strategies for learning a second or foreign language

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L2 learning strategies are the learner's goal-directed actions for improving language proficiency or achievement, completing a task, or making learning more efficient, more effective, and easier. The timeline below classifies ideas and publications according to eight major themes:

1

Effectiveness: Strategies and proficiency/achievement, the good language learner (GLL), successful and less successful language learners, distinguished language learners, effective and less effective strategies for certain purposes

2

Models and theories: Models and theories of learning strategies, including (a) strategies in prior eras, other fields, or...