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Abstract: Structural equation modeling (SEM) is a method for analyzing multivariate data from both nonexperimental and experimental research. This method combines a measurement model linking observed variables with latent variables and a structural model linking latent variables. The use of SEM in social science and educational research has grown since the early days in 1980s and offers promise as a method that is useful in theory-based research. Using a data set for analysis, this paper presents a step-by-step, non-technical introduction on how the SEM technique is used. Throughout the paper, practical suggestions are given in order that researchers could use the SEM technique quickly. The paper concludes with information on relevant internet resources for further study and research.
Introduction
The use of Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) in research has increased in popularity since it was first conceived by Wright (1918), a biometrician who was credited with the development of path analysis to analyze genetic theory in biology (Teo & Khine, 2009). In the 1970s, SEM enjoyed a renaissance, particularly in sociology and econometrics (Goldberger & Duncan, 1973). It later spread to other disciplines, such as psychology, political science, and education (Kenny, 1979). The growth and popularity of SEM was generally attributed to the advancement of software development that have increased the accessibility of SEM to substantive researchers who have found this method to be appropriate in addressing a variety of research questions (MacCallum & Austin, 2000). Some examples of these software include LISREL (Linear Structural RELations) by Joreskog and Sorbom (2003), EQS (Equations) (Bentler, 2003), and AMOS (Analysis of Moment Structures) by Arbuckle (2006).
Over the years, the combination of methodological advances and improved interfaces in various SEM software have contributed to the diverse usage of SEM.
Hershberger (2003) examined major journals in psychology from 1994 to 2001 and found that over 60% of these journals contained articles using SEM, more than doubled the number of articles published from 1985 to 1994. Although SEM continues to undergo refinement and extension, it is popular among applied researchers. This purpose of this paper is provide a non -technical introduction to the various facets of structural equation modeling to researchers in education.
What is structural Equation Modeling?
Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) is a statistical approach to...