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SEVERAL DECADES AFTER the 1960s political upheavals, very few people recognize the name of the Black feminist lawyer and activist Florynce "Flo" Kennedy (1916-2000). However, during the late 1960s and 1970s Kennedy was the country's most well-known Black feminist. When reporting on the emergence of the women's movement, the media covered her early membership in the National Organization for Women (NOW), her leadership of countless guerilla theatre protests and her work as a lawyer helping to repeal New York's restrictive abortion laws. Indeed, Black feminist Jane Galvin-Lewis and white feminists Gloria Steinern and Ti-Grace Atkinson credit Kennedy with helping to educate a generation of young women about feminism in particular and radical political organizing more generally.
Yet Kennedy's activism is marginalized or completely erased from most histories of "second wave" feminism. Those rare references to Kennedy usually highlight her as one of the few Black women in the women's movement. Kennedy is a significant exemplar of the exclusion of key Black feminist organizers from most feminist scholarship on the movement: the erasure of her critical role speaks to the ways in which feminist literature has failed to see Black women as progenitors of contemporary feminism.
In response to such historical effacement, this article resurrects Kennedy's political contribution to sixties radicalism and uncovers a Black feminist politics and practice that was not only connected to the mainstream feminist movement but was also closely allied to the Black Power struggle. It challenges previously held rigid dichotomies between the Black Power and women's movements and illuminates the centrality of Black feminism and Flo Kennedy to both movements.
Kennedy asserted that she could "understand feminism [and sexism] better because of the discrimination against Black people." Her work in Black movements reveals the Black Power movement as a significant force in shaping contemporary feminist struggles.
Earlier feminist movement scholarship ignores or undervalues the connections between Black Power and feminist struggles. Studies of independent Black feminists and the predominantly white feminist movements cite the increased masculinity that kept feminism and Black Power divided. They are not wrong to do so, but positioning Black Power as primarily an antagonistic influence misses what the movement might tell us about how both Black and white feminists understood liberation and revolution.
Connecting both Black and...