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ABSTRACT: A review of literature published in 2010 on analytical methods for pesticides and herbicides is presented here in eight sections, including extraction methods, chromatographic or mass spectrometric techniques, electrochemical techniques, spectrophotometric techniques, chemiluminescence and fluorescence methods, sensors, biochemical assays and immunoassays, and miscellaneous techniques. Because many of the research studies in the cited publications utilized more than one analytical method, the different sections should not be thought of as being mutually exclusive.
KEYWORDS: analytical methods, pesticides, herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, organochlorine, organophosphate, organophosphorus, GC, LC, MS, analytical chemistry, sensors, immunoassays, chemiluminescence, fluorescence
doi: 10.2175/106143011X13075599870414
Extraction Techniques
Successful extraction techniques are crucial in many applications to enable the proper analyses of pesticides and herbicides in aquatic, soil, and other media. The extraction techniques can be broadly classified as solid- or liquid-phase extraction or dispersion, with much overlap and other sub-categories, such as microextraction techniques. In solid-phase extraction, Carpinteiro et al. (2010) developed a procedure to extract, purify, and analyze for the fungicides metalaxyl-M, azoxystrobin, myclobutanil, flusilazole, penconazole, tebuconazole, propiconazole, diniconazole and difenoconazole in wine samples using mixed-mode, anion exchange, and reversed- phase, OASIS MAX solid-phase extraction (SPE) cartridges for purification and extraction and analyses using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS). Several commercial wines from Spain were analyzed, and metalaxyl-M and azoxystrobin were found at concentrations up to several µg/L in most samples, with the analytical technique exhibiting a limit of quantification (LOQ) in the range of 0.01-0.79 µg/L for the analytes. Rodrigues et al. (2010) analyzed pesticides in onions using matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) and liquid chromatography tandem electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS). The best results were obtained using 0.5 g of sample, 1.0 g reused C18 bonded silica, an interaction time of 1 h and dispersion time of 5 min, and with acetonitrile as the elution solvent, and the average recoveries ranged from 78 to 120% and the detection and quantification limits ranged from 0.003 to 0.03 mg/kg and 0.01 to 0.1 mg/kg, respectively.
Garcia-Rodriguez, Carro-Diaz, Cela, et al. (2010) developed a microwave-assisted extraction method followed by clean-up with solid-phase extraction (SPE) using gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LVI-GC-MS/MS) to analyze for 17 pesticides in seaweed. The most effective extraction conditions were achieved at 125 °C and 12 min using...