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Abstract
Humans have dramatically altered environments across the globe, especially along estuaries and coastlines, imposing broad-ranging effects on biota and ecosystem processes. Novel ecosystems— composed of unique biological assemblages and physical processes—can develop in human-dominated landscapes, but their ecology and ecosystem services have been poorly studied and are often misunderstood. My dissertation investigates the role that seasonally inundated managed wetlands— constructed for recreational waterfowl hunting—may serve in increasing zooplankton productivity to support threatened estuarine food webs.
Working within Suisun Marsh—located in the brackish mixing zone of the San Francisco Estuary (California, USA)—I examine seasonal zooplankton abundances in managed wetlands and adjacent tidal habitats across multiple years and regions to determine when managed wetlands are most productive and how abundances differ between the two habitat types. Through mesocosm experiments conducted at the University of California, Davis campus, I investigate potential drivers of zooplankton production in managed wetlands, including the role of seasonal flooding and detritus from plants that grow during wetland dry phases. Lastly, I investigate the role of plant litter richness and functional composition in stimulating zooplankton production as well as effects on water quality variables, such as dissolved oxygen.
Through my analyses, I show that managed wetlands often support zooplankton abundances that are an order of magnitude higher than abundances in tidal habitats and that major taxonomic groups exhibit successional, pulsed responses to seasonal floods. I also demonstrate that the growth of terrestrial forbs during wetland dry phases provides high-quality detritus that can boost plankton production compared to more widely available emergent graminoids. Lastly, I show that the composition and richness of plant detritus produces a trade-off, whereby forb-dominated litter mixtures enhance plankton productivity at increased risk of promoting temporary hypoxia, while emergent graminoid-dominated litter mixtures produce less hypoxia and provide limited support for zooplankton production. These findings suggest that, similar to natural floodplains, managed wetland flood operations enhance plankton productivity in Suisun Marsh. Findings also present opportunities to directly manage plankton production and water quality, by manipulating flood operations and vegetation management, for optimal benefits to the aquatic ecosystem.





