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Abstract
This study investigates historically and comparatively the relationship between the national liberation movements (NLMs) in government and trade unions in Zimbabwe and Namibia, and the connection of these dynamics with the rise of populism in government. The main argument of this dissertation is that to understand the rise of populism in the early 21st century in the ZANU(PF) in Zimbabwe, and its lack thereof in SWAPO in Namibia, one must pay close attention to the way these parties have interacted with trade unions from colonial time to the post-colonial period. As such, this study introduces the notion of incumbent populism to delineate the overlooked phenomenon of populism emerging from the incumbent instead of the opposition’s parties. It defines its conditions of emergence and replaces the trajectories of both Zimbabwe and Namibia’s labor politics in that framework. It does so by retracing comparatively and historically the complex and contingent process through which labor and national liberation movement formed and interacted with each other. More precisely, I demonstrate how the continuous subordination of the Namibian labor movement has preserved the incumbent party from major challenges to its pro-market, macro-economic policies. By contrast, I show how in Zimbabwe the labor movement was able to acquire its autonomy and intervene politically to oppose the ZANU(PF) structural adjustment plans and authoritarian practices. I argue that these two distinct dynamics have contributed to diverging outcomes in terms of incumbent populism emergence and authoritarianization. By doing so, I show that higher trade unions autonomy and mobilizational power, when they are paired with organized labor direct political intervention, can in the set of cases examined here contribute to authoritarian and populist backlashes.





