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About the Authors:
Max Lataillade
Affiliations Global Development and Medical Affairs, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut, United States of America, Yale University School of Medicine and Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
Jennifer Chiarella
Affiliation: Yale University School of Medicine and Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
Rong Yang
Affiliation: Global Development and Medical Affairs, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut, United States of America
Steven Schnittman
Affiliation: Global Development and Medical Affairs, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut, United States of America
Victoria Wirtz
Affiliation: Global Development and Medical Affairs, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut, United States of America
Jonathan Uy
Affiliation: Global Development and Medical Affairs, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut, United States of America
Daniel Seekins
Affiliation: Global Development and Medical Affairs, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut, United States of America
Mark Krystal
Affiliation: Global Development and Medical Affairs, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut, United States of America
Marco Mancini
Affiliation: Global Development and Medical Affairs, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut, United States of America
Donnie McGrath
Affiliation: Global Development and Medical Affairs, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut, United States of America
Birgitte Simen
Affiliation: 454 Life Sciences, a Roche company, Branford, Connecticut, United States of America
Michael Egholm
Affiliation: 454 Life Sciences, a Roche company, Branford, Connecticut, United States of America
Michael Kozal
* E-mail: [email protected]
Affiliation: Yale University School of Medicine and Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
Introduction
Low abundance drug resistant HIV variants at levels as low as 1% of the circulating viral quasispecies can be detected in antiretroviral (ARV)-naïve individuals by sensitive and quantitative genotyping technologies [1]–[6]. These low abundance drug resistant variants have been shown to potentially impact clinical responses in individuals initiating non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase based ARV therapy [7]–[14]. However, other studies did not find a strong association with clinical responses [15]–[16]. The conflicting results may have been the result of both the different sensitive genotyping methods used in the investigations and the disparate study populations that received heterogeneous antiretroviral regimens. Few studies have been able to control for the antiretroviral regimens used when investigating the impact of low abundance resistant variants on clinical outcomes.
Although low abundance resistant variants have been shown to be important in some...