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About the Authors:
Kenneth T. Kishida
Contributed equally to this work with: Kenneth T. Kishida, Stefan G. Sandberg
Affiliation: Human Neuroimaging Laboratory, Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, Virginia, United States of America
Stefan G. Sandberg
Contributed equally to this work with: Kenneth T. Kishida, Stefan G. Sandberg
Affiliation: Departments of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences and Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
Terry Lohrenz
Affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
Youssef G. Comair
Affiliation: Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, American University of Beirut, Lebanon
Ignacio Sáez
Affiliation: Human Neuroimaging Laboratory, Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, Virginia, United States of America
Paul E. M. Phillips
* E-mail: [email protected] (PRM); [email protected] (PEMP)
Affiliation: Departments of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences and Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
P. Read Montague
* E-mail: [email protected] (PRM); [email protected] (PEMP)
Affiliations Human Neuroimaging Laboratory, Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, Virginia, United States of America, Department of Physics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America, The Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, University College London, United Kingdom
Introduction
The neurotransmitter dopamine has been implicated in both motoric and cognitive functions, especially those associated with reward valuation processes [1]–[3]. Computational models of dopamine function have been validated at the level of single unit activity in non-human primates and rodents [4]–[7]. Recent advances in neurochemical monitoring have enabled sub-second dopamine detection in rodents during behavioral tasks [8], [9], providing the capacity for computational testing at the level of dopamine release [10]. Nevertheless, in vivo measurements of extracellular dopamine in human brains are currently restricted to timescales afforded by microdialysis [11] or imaging [12] methods that do not resolve sub-second computations mediated by dopamine release. However, the now routine surgical implantation of neuroprosthetic devices for deep-brain stimulation (DBS) in the treatment of Parkinson's disease [13] provides a window of opportunity for unprecedented monitoring of neurotransmission in the human brain using invasive electrode-based techniques [14]. Here, we describe the use of proven fast-scan cyclic voltammetry methods for detecting dopamine [8], [9] and the modification of existing biocompatible electrodes [15] for use in human brain; we demonstrate the feasibility of sub-second dopamine detection in...