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About the Authors:
Joseph Calvin Kouokam
Affiliation: Owensboro Cancer Research Program, James Graham Brown Cancer Center and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
Dana Huskens
Affiliation: Rega Institute for Medical Research, K.U. Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
Dominique Schols
Affiliation: Rega Institute for Medical Research, K.U. Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
Andrew Johannemann
Affiliation: Owensboro Cancer Research Program, James Graham Brown Cancer Center and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
Shonna K. Riedell
Affiliation: Owensboro Cancer Research Program, James Graham Brown Cancer Center and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
Wendye Walter
Affiliation: Owensboro Cancer Research Program, James Graham Brown Cancer Center and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
Janice M. Walker
Affiliation: Owensboro Cancer Research Program, James Graham Brown Cancer Center and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
Nobuyuki Matoba
Affiliation: Owensboro Cancer Research Program, James Graham Brown Cancer Center and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
Barry R. O'Keefe
Affiliation: Molecular Targets Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
Kenneth E. Palmer
* E-mail: [email protected]
Affiliation: Owensboro Cancer Research Program, James Graham Brown Cancer Center and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
Introduction
HIV-1 is the prototype example of a virus that utilizes an oligomannose-rich “glycan shield” to occlude functionally important domains of the envelope glycoproteins from antibodies, and evade the immune response [1], [2]. Recently Doores et al. [3] showed that previous measurement of the proportion of oligomannose NLG relative to complex NLG on recombinant HIV envelope glycoproteins underestimated the representation of oligomannose NLG on the native envelope spikes of HIV-1, which appear to display NLG that are almost exclusively mannose-terminal Man5–9-GlcNAc2 structures. It is likely that limited access to the high density of NLG presented on the HIV-1 trimeric glycoprotein spike by Golgi and endoplasmic reticulum (ER)...