Positive periodic solutions of second-order difference equations with weak singularities

Abstract

We study the existence of positive periodic solutions of the second-order difference equation

[Equation not available: see fulltext.]

via Schauder's fixed point theorem, where a, c : [arrow right] ^sub +^ are T -periodic functions, f C( × (0, ∞), ) is T -periodic with respect to t and singular at u = 0.

Mathematics Subject Classifications: 34B15.[PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]

Ma and Lu Advances in Difference Equations 2012, 2012:90 http://www.advancesindifferenceequations.com/content/2012/1/90

* Correspondence: mailto:[email protected]

Web End =mary@nwnu. mailto:[email protected]

Web End =edu.cn Department of Mathematics, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, Peoples Republic of China

RESEARCH Open Access

Positive periodic solutions of second-order difference equations with weak singularities

Ruyun Ma* and Yanqiong Lu

Abstract

We study the existence of positive periodic solutions of the second-order difference equation

2u(t 1) + a(t)u(t) = f (t, u(t)) + c(t), t Zvia Schauders fixed point theorem, where a, c : + are T -periodic functions, f C( (0, ), ) is T -periodic with respect to t and singular at u = 0. Mathematics Subject Classifications: 34B15.

Keywords: positive periodic solutions, difference equations, Schauders fixed point theorem, weak singularities.

1 Introduction and the main results

Let denote the integer set, for a, b with a < b, [a, b] : = {a, a + 1,..., b} and + : = [0; ). In this article, we are concerned with the existence of positive periodic solutions of the second-order difference equation

2u(t 1) + a(t)u(t) = f (t, u(t)) + c(t), t Z, (1:1) where a, c : + are T-periodic functions, f C( (0, ), ) is T-periodic with respect to t and singular at u = 0.

Positive periodic solutions of second-order difference equations have been studied by many authors, see [1-6]. However, in these therein, the nonlinearities are nonsingular, what would happen if the nonlinearity term is singular? It is of interest to note here that singular boundary value problems in the continuous case have been studied in great detail in the literature [7-20]. In 1987, Lazer and Solimini [7] firstly investigated the existence of the positive periodic solutions of the problem

u = 1u + c(t), (1:2)

where c C(, ) is T-periodic. They proved that for l 1 (called strong force condition in a terminology first introduced by Gordon [8,9]), a necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of a positive periodic solution of (1.2) is that the mean value of c is negative,

2012 Ma and Lu; licensee Springer. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0

Web End =http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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0 c(t)dt< 0.

Moreover, if 0 < l <1 (weak force condition) they found examples of functions c with negative mean values and such that periodic solutions do not exist. Subsequently, many authors studied the existence of positive solutions of the problem

u + a(t)u = f (t, u) + c(t), (1:3)

where a L1(/T ; +), c L1(R/T; ), f Car(/T (0, ), ) and is singular at u = 0, see [7-20]. The first existence result with weak force condition appears in Rachunkov et al. [16]. Since then, the Equation (1.3) with f has weak singularities has been studied by several authors, see Torres [17,18], Franco and Webb [19], Chu and Li[20].

Recently, Torres [18] showed how a weak singularity can play an important role if

Schauders fixed point theorem is chosen in the proof of the existence of positive periodic solution for (1.3). For convenience, for a given function L[0, T], we denote the essential supremum and infimum of by * and *, respectively. We write 0 if 0 for a.e. t [0, T] and it is positive in a set of positive measure. Under the assumption

(H1) The linear equation u+ a(t)u = 0 is nonresonant and the corresponding Greens function

G(t, s) 0, (t, s) [0, T] [0, T].

Torres showed the following three results

Theorem A. [[18], Theorem 1] Let (H1) hold and define

(t) =

T

c := 1

T

T

0 G(t, s)c(s)ds.

Assume that(H2) there exist b L1(0, T) with b 0 and l >0 such that

0 f (t, u)

b(t)u , for all u > 0, a.e. t [0, T].

If g * >0, then there exists a positive T-periodic solution of (1.3). Theorem B. [[18], Theorem 2] Let (H1) hold. Assume that (H3) there exist two functions b, b L1(0, T)with b, b 0

and a constant l (0, 1)

such that

0

b(t)u , u (0, ), a.e. t [0, T].

If g* = 0. Then (1.3) has a positive T-periodic solution. Theorem C. [[18], Theorem 4] Let (H1) and (H3) hold. Let

= min

t[0,T]

b(t)u f (t, u)

T

0

G(t, s)b(s)ds

, = max t[0,T]

T

0

G(t, s)b(s)ds

.

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If g* 0 and

()

11 2

1 1 2

2

.

Then (1.3) has a positive T-periodic solution.

However, the discrete analogue of (1.3) has received almost no attention. In this article, we will discuss in detail the singular discrete problem (1.1) with our goal being to fill the above stated gap in the literature. For other results on the existence of positive solution for the other singular discrete boundary value problem, see [21-24] and their references. From now on, for a given function l(0, ), we denote the essential supremum and infimum of by * and *, respectively. We write 0 if 0 for t [0,

T ] and it is positive in a set of positive measure.

Assume that(A1) The linear equation 2u(t - 1)+ a(t)u(t) = 0 is nonresonant and the corresponding Greens function

G(t, s) 0, (t, s) [0, T]Z [0, T]Z.(A2) There exist b, e : [1, T] + with b, e 0, a, b (0, ), m 1 M, such that

0 f (t, u)

b(t)u , u (M, ), t [1, T]Z,

and

e(t)u , u (0, m), t [1, T]Z.

(A3) There exist b1, b2, e : [1, T ] + with b1, b2, e 0, a, b, , v (0, 1), such that

0

b1(t)

u f (t, u)

b2(t)

u , u [1, ), t [1, T]Z,

and

0 f (t, u)

e(t)uv , u [0, 1), t [1, T]Z.

To prove the main results, we will use the following notations.

(t) :=

T

s=1G(t, s)c(s), E(t) :=

T

s=1G(t, s)e(s);

0

b1(t)

u f (t, u)

B(t) :=

T

s=1G(t, s)b(s), Bi(t) :=

T

s=1G(t, s)bi(s), i = 1, 2;

:= E + B2, := max{, }, := max{v, }. Our main results are the following

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Theorem 1.1. Let (A1) and (A2) hold. If g* >0. Then (1.1) has a positive T-periodic solution.

Theorem 1.2. Let (A1) and (A3) hold. If g* = 0. Then (1.1) has a positive T-periodic solution.

Theorem 1.3. Let (A1) and (A3) hold. Assume that

> max{( B1), ( B1)

1 }.

(1:4)

If g* 0 and

B1 ()

11

1 1

. (1:5)

Then (1.1) has a positive T-periodic solution.

Remark 1.1. Let us consider the function

f0(t, u) =

1u , u [1, ),

1u , u (0, 1),

(1:6)

where , h > 0. Obviously, f0 satisfies (A2) with M = m = 1, b(t) = e(t) 1. However, it is fail to satisfy (H2) since it can not be bounded by a single function h(t)u for any g

(0, ) and any h 0.

Remark 1.2. If , h (0, 1), then the function f0 defined by (1.6) satisfies (A3) with = = h, a = b = , and b1(t) b2(t) e(t) 1. However, it is fail to satisfy (H3).

2 Proof of Theorem 1.1

Let

X := {u : Z R|u(t) = u(t + T)}

under the norm u = max

t[1,T]Z |

u(t)| . Then (X, || ||) is a Banach space.

A T-periodic solution of (1.1) is just a fixed point of the completely continuous map A : X X defined as

(Au) (t) :=

T

s=1G(t, s)[f (s, u(s)) + c(s)] =

T

s=1G(t, s)f (s, u(s)) + (t).

By Schauders fixed point theorem, the proof is finished if we prove that A maps the closed convex set defined as

K = {u X : r u(t) R, for all t [0, T]Z}

into itself, where R >r > 0 are positive constants to be fixed properly. For given u K, let us denote

I1 := {t [0, T]Z|r u(t) < m},

I2 := {t [0, T]Z|R u(t) > M},

I3 := [0, T]Z\(I1 I2).

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Given u K, by the nonnegative sign of G and f, we have

(Au) (t) =

T

s=1G(t, s)f (s, u(s)) + (t)

=

sI1G(t, s)f (s, u(s)) +

sI2G(t, s)f (s, u(s))

+

sI3G(t, s)f (s, u(s)) + (t)

(t) =: r.

Let

:= sup

max

t[0,T]Z

T

s=1G(t, s)f (s, u(s))|m u(s) M

.

Then, it follows from the continuity of f that < , and consequently, for every u K,

(Au) (t) =

T

s=1G(t, s)f (s, u(s)) + (t)

=

sI1G(t, s)f (s, u(s)) +

sI2G(t, s)f (s, u(s))

+

sI3G(t, s)f (s, u(s)) + (t)

sI1G(t, s)e(s) u +

sI2G(t, s)b(s)u + +

T

s=1G(t, s)e(s) u +

sI2G(t, s)b(s) + +

T

s=1G(t, s)e(s) r +

T

s=1G(t, s)b(s) + +

Er + (B + + )

< E

r + (B + + ) =: R.

Therefore, A(K) K if r = g* and R = E

r + (B + + ), and the proof is finished.

3 Proof of Theorem 1.2

We follow the same strategy and notations as in the proof of Theorem 1.1. Define a closed convex set

K = {u X : r u(t) R, for all t [0, T]Z, R > 1}.

By a direct application of Schauders fixed point theorem, the proof is finished if we prove that A maps the closed convex set K into itself, where R and r are positive constants to be fixed properly and they should satisfy R >r > 0 and R > 1.

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For given u K, let us denote

J1 := {t [0, T]Z|r u(t) < 1},

J2 := {t [0, T]Z|R u(t) 1}.

Then for given u K, by the nonnegative sign of G and f, it follows that

(Au) (t) =

T

s=1G(t, s)f (s, u(s)) + (t)

=

T

sJ1G(t, s)f (s, u(s)) +

sJ2G(t, s)f (s, u(s)) + (t)

sJ1G(t, s)e(s) uv +

sJ2G(t, s)b2(s)u +

s=1G(t, s)e(s)rv +

sJ2G(t, s)b2(s) +

T

s=1G(t, s)e(s)rv +

T

T

s=1G(t, s)b2(s) +

Erv + (B2 + ),

On the other hand, for every u K,

(Au) (t) =

T

s=1G(t, s)f (s, u(s)) + (t)

=

sJ1G(t, s)f (s, u(s)) +

sJ2G(t, s)f (s, u(s)) + (t)

sJ1G(t, s)b1(s) u +

sJ2G(t, s)b1(s)u +

sJ1G(t, s)b1(s) R +

sJ2G(t, s)b1(s) R

sJ1G(t, s)b1(s) R +

sJ2G(t, s)b1(s) R

s=1G(t, s)b1(s) R

T

B1

R .

Thus Au K if r, R are chosen so that

B1

R r,

Erv + (B2 + ) R.

Note that B1* , E* >0 and taking R = 1r , it is sufficient to find R >1 such that

B1R1 1, ERv + (B2 + ) R,and these inequalities hold for R big enough because s <1 and <1.

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Remark 3.1. It is worth remarking that Theorem 1.2 is also valid for the special case that c(t) 0, which implies that g* = 0.

4 Proof of Theorem 1.3

Define a closed convex set

K = {u X : r u(t) R, for all t [0, T]Z, 0 < r < 1 < R}.

By a direct application of Schauders fixed point theorem, the proof is finished if we prove that A maps the closed convex set K into itself, where R and r are positive constants to be fixed properly and they should satisfy R > 1 >r > 0.

Recall that = max{, b} and r < 1, for given u K,

(Au) (t) =

T

s=1G(t, s)f (s, u(s)) + (t)

=

sJ1G(t, s)f (s, u(s)) +

sJ2G(t, s)f (s, u(s)) + (t)

sJ1G(t, s)e(s) u +

sJ2G(t, s)b2(s)u +

sJ1G(t, s)e(s) r +

sJ2G(t, s)b2(s) r

s=1G(t, s)e(s)r +

T

T

s=1G(t, s)b2(s) r

r ,

where Ji (i = 1, 2) is defined as in Section 3 and = E + B2.

On the other hand, since s = max {, a} and R >1, for every u K,

(Au) (t) =

T

s=1G(t, s)f (s, u(s)) + (t)

=

sJ1G(t, s)f (s, u(s)) +

sJ2G(t, s)f (s, u(s)) + (t)

sJ1G(t, s)b1(s) u +

sJ2G(t, s)b1(s)u +

sJ1G(t, s)b1(s) R +

sJ2G(t, s)b1(s)

R +

R + .

In this case, to prove that A(K) K it is sufficient to find r <R with 0 <r < 1 <R such that

B1

R + r,

r R. (4:1)

If we fix R =

r , then the first inequality holds if r verifies

B1() r + r,

B1

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or equivalently,

f (r) := r

B1 () r .

The function f(r) possesses a minimum in r0 :=

11 . Taking r = r0, (1.4)

implies that r <1. Then the first inequality in (4.1) holds if g* f (r0), which is just condition (1.5). The second inequality in (4.1) holds directly by the choice of R, and it

would remain to prove that R =

r0 > 1. To the end, it follows from (1.4) that

B1

()

R =

r0

> ( B1) ()

1

( B1)

1

> ( B1) ( B1)

2

1

( B1)

B1

1

= 1.

This completes the proof.

Remark 4.1. Note that the condition (1.4), which is stated as

> max {( B1), ( B1)

1

}

is crucial to guarantee that R >1 > r0, and in the proof of Theorem 1.3 we require R >1 > r0 because the exponents in inequalities of (A3) is different. However, in the special case that

:= = = = ,

if we define (t): = max{b2(t), e(t)}, t [0, T], then the condition (1.4) is neednt because R > r0 can be easily verified by

b1(t) (t), t [0, T]Z.

Example 4.1. Let us consider the second order periodic boundary value problem

2u(t 1) + 4sin2

16u = f (t, u) c0, t [1, 4]Z, u(0) = u(4), u(1) = u(5),

(4:2)

where

f (t, u) = 5 t u

1 5

, u (0, ), t [1, 4]Z

and c0

0, 3 [810]4/3 ((4 + 32)

2 2 + 22) 1/3

is a constant.

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It is easy to check that (4.2) is equivalent to the operator equation

u(t) =

4

s=1G(t, s)f (s, u(s)) +

4

s=1G(t, s)(c0)ds =: (Au) (t), t [0, 4]Z,

here

1 sin 8

sin (t s)8 + sin(4 t + s) 8

, 0 s t 4,

, 0 t s 4.

G(t, s) =

1 sin 8

sin (s t)8 + sin(4 s + t) 8

Clearly, G(t, s) > 0 for all (t, s) 0[4] 0[4]. Let

b1(t) 1, b2(t) 4, e(t) 6, = v = 12, =

16, =

1 7,

Then

= = 1

2,

and

0 < 1 u

1

2

4 t u

1 5

1 6

4 , u [1, ), t [0, T]Z,

0 < 1 u

1 7

6 , u [0, 1), t [0, T]Z.

Thus, the condition (A3) is satisfied. By simple computations, we get

B1(t) =

4

4 t u

1 5

1

2

s=1G(t, s) 12 =(4 + 32)

2 22 + 2;

B2(t) =

4

s=1G(t, s) 4 = (16 + 122) 2 2 + 82;

E(t) =

4

s=1G(t, s) 6 = (24 + 182) 2 2 + 122;

B1 = B1 =

(4 + 32)

2 22 + 2;

B2 = B2 = (16 + 122)

2 2 + 82;

E = E = (24 + 182)

2 2 + 122;

( B1) =

(4 + 32)

2 2 + 22 8

1

2 ;

(4 + 32)

2 2 + 22 8

( B1)

1 =

2 ;

= E + B2 = (40 + 302)

2 2 + 202;

max{( B1), ( B1)

1

} =

(12 + 82)

2 2 + 72 + 14 32 ;

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and > max{( B1), ( B1)

1

}

. So the condition (1.4) is satisfied. Moreover,

(t) =

4

s=1 G(t, s)(c0) = (4 + 3

2)

2 2 c0 22c0,

and so

= = (4 + 32)

2 2 c0 22c0 < 0.

Finally, since c0

0, 3.[810]4/3

(4 + 32) 2 2 + 22

1/3

, it follows that

(4 + 32)

2 2 + 22

1 2

1 1

1 1

3

810

4 3

=

B1 ()

.

Consequently, Theorem 1.3 yields that (4.2) has a positive solution.

AcknowledgementsThe authors are very grateful to the anonymous referees for their valuable suggestions. This work was supported by the NSFC (No. 11061030), NSFC (No. 11126296), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Gansu Universities.

Authors contributionsRM completed the main study, carried out the results of this article and drafted the manuscript. YL checked the proofs and verified the calculation. All the authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Competing interestsThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Received: 28 March 2012 Accepted: 27 June 2012 Published: 27 June 2012

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doi:10.1186/1687-1847-2012-90Cite this article as: Ma and Lu: Positive periodic solutions of second-order difference equations with weak singularities. Advances in Difference Equations 2012 2012:90.

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