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About the Authors:
Hannah P. Yang
* E-mail: [email protected]
Affiliation: Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
Rosemary E. Zuna
Affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
Mark Schiffman
Affiliation: Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
Joan L. Walker
Affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
Mark E. Sherman
Affiliation: Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
Lisa M. Landrum
Affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
Katherine Moxley
Affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
Michael A. Gold
Affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
S. Terence Dunn
Affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
Richard A. Allen
Affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
Roy Zhang
Affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
Rodney Long
Affiliation: National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
Sophia S. Wang
Affiliation: Division of Cancer Etiology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, California, United States of America
Nicolas Wentzensen
Affiliation: Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
Introduction
The natural history of human papillomavirus (HPV) leading to invasive cervical cancer is well established [1]. Genital HPV infections are very common in sexually active women, but most infections regress spontaneously. Few infections persist and progress to pre-cancer, diagnosed histologically as cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3 (CIN3) [2]. Primary prevention by HPV vaccination or secondary prevention by screening for and removing a cancer precursor before invasion occurs are currently the basis for cervical cancer prevention [2]. A confirmed CIN3 is typically treated by the loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP) according to American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology (ASCCP) guidelines...