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About the Authors:
Mourad W. Gabriel
* E-mail: [email protected]
Affiliations Integral Ecology Research Center, Blue Lake, California, United States of America, Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
Leslie W. Woods
Affiliation: California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
Robert Poppenga
Affiliation: California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
Rick A. Sweitzer
Affiliation: Sierra Nevada Adaptive Management Project, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
Craig Thompson
Affiliation: Pacific Southwest Research Station-Sierra Nevada Research Center, United States Forest Service, Fresno California, United States of America
Sean M. Matthews
Affiliation: Wildlife Conservation Society, Hoopa, California, United States of America
J. Mark Higley
Affiliation: Wildlife Department, Hoopa Tribal Forestry, Hoopa, California, United States of America
Stefan M. Keller
Affiliation: Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
Kathryn Purcell
Affiliation: Pacific Southwest Research Station-Sierra Nevada Research Center, United States Forest Service, Fresno California, United States of America
Reginald H. Barrett
Affiliation: Sierra Nevada Adaptive Management Project, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
Greta M. Wengert
Affiliation: Integral Ecology Research Center, Blue Lake, California, United States of America
Benjamin N. Sacks
Affiliation: Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
Deana L. Clifford
Affiliation: Wildlife Investigations Laboratory, California Department of Fish and Game, Rancho Cordova, California, United States of America
Introduction
Anticoagulant rodenticide (AR) exposure and poisoning has emerged as a conservation concern for non-target wildlife [1], [2], [3]. These toxicants are used to eradicate or suppress rodent pest populations in agricultural or urban settings to minimize economic losses [1], [4]. Generally, the mechanism of AR function is to bind and inhibit enzyme complexes responsible for the recycling of vitamin K1, thus creating a series of deleterious clotting and coagulation impairments [4], [5]. The ARs are grouped into two classes: first-generation compounds, which require several doses to cause intoxication, and second-generation ARs, which are more acutely toxic often requiring only a single dose to cause intoxication and persist in tissues and in the environment [1], [4], [6], [7]. Rodents have...