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About the Authors:
Jeffrey K. Yao
* E-mail: [email protected]
Affiliations Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America, Department of Psychiatry, Western Psychiatric Institute & Clinic, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
Ruth Condray
Affiliations Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America, Department of Psychiatry, Western Psychiatric Institute & Clinic, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
George G. Dougherty Jr
Affiliations Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America, Department of Psychiatry, Western Psychiatric Institute & Clinic, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
Matcheri S. Keshavan
Affiliations Department of Psychiatry, Western Psychiatric Institute & Clinic, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
Debra M. Montrose
Affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Western Psychiatric Institute & Clinic, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
Wayne R. Matson
Affiliation: Bedford Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bedford, Massachusetts, United States of America
Joseph McEvoy
Affiliation: Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
Rima Kaddurah-Daouk
Affiliation: Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
Ravinder D. Reddy
Affiliations Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America, Department of Psychiatry, Western Psychiatric Institute & Clinic, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
Introduction
There is abundant evidence for impaired antioxidant defense system (AODS) and presence of oxidative stress in patients with schizophrenia (SZ) [1]–[6], suggesting that free radical-mediated pathology may have a role in the pathophysiology of SZ.
Free radicals are reactive chemical species generated during normal metabolic processes involving oxygen and nitric oxide, which in excess can lead to membrane damage. Under physiological conditions the potential for free radical-mediated damage is kept in check by the AODS, comprising a series of enzymatic and non-enzymatic components. These enzymes act cooperatively at different sites in the free radical pathways. We have previously observed that a dynamic state is kept in check during the redox coupling under normal...