Content area
Full Text
About the Authors:
Timothy M. Uyeki
Contributed equally to this work with: Timothy M. Uyeki, Doan C. Nguyen
* E-mail: [email protected]
Affiliation: Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
Doan C. Nguyen
Contributed equally to this work with: Timothy M. Uyeki, Doan C. Nguyen
Current address: Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
Affiliation: Department of Virology, National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Ministry of Health, Hanoi, Vietnam
Thomas Rowe
Affiliation: Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
Xiuhua Lu
Affiliation: Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
Jean Hu-Primmer
Current address: Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
Affiliation: Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
Lien P. Huynh
Affiliation: Department of Virology, National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Ministry of Health, Hanoi, Vietnam
Nguyen L. K. Hang
Affiliation: Department of Virology, National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Ministry of Health, Hanoi, Vietnam
Jacqueline M. Katz
Affiliation: Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
Introduction
Human infections with highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A (H5N1) virus were first identified in Hong Kong during 1997 [1] and again in 2003 [2]. HPAI H5N1 viruses have evolved into multiple genetically and antigenically distinct clades and subclades, spreading among poultry in many countries. As of July 6, 2012, 15 countries had reported a total of 607 confirmed H5N1 human cases with 59% mortality since November 2003, including 123 cases with 61 deaths reported from Vietnam [3]. Vietnam is considered an endemic country where different clades and subclades of HPAI H5N1 viruses circulate among poultry [4]. Most human cases have resulted from sporadic avian-to-human transmission of H5N1 virus during direct or close contact with sick or dead poultry [5]. Visiting a poultry market has also been identified as a risk factor for human infection with H5N1 virus...