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About the Authors:
George W. Reed
Affiliation: Department of Preventive and Behavioral Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
Hongjo Choi
Affiliation: International Tuberculosis Research Center, Changwon, Republic of Korea
So Young Lee
Affiliation: International Tuberculosis Research Center, Changwon, Republic of Korea
Myungsun Lee
Affiliation: International Tuberculosis Research Center, Changwon, Republic of Korea
Youngran Kim
Affiliation: International Tuberculosis Research Center, Changwon, Republic of Korea
Hyemi Park
Affiliation: International Tuberculosis Research Center, Changwon, Republic of Korea
Jongseok Lee
Affiliation: International Tuberculosis Research Center, Changwon, Republic of Korea
Xin Zhan
Affiliation: Information Services Department, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
Hyeungseok Kang
Affiliation: National Masan Tuberculosis Hospital, Changwon, Republic of Korea
SooHee Hwang
Affiliation: National Masan Tuberculosis Hospital, Changwon, Republic of Korea
Matthew Carroll
Affiliation: Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Disease, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
Ying Cai
Affiliation: Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Disease, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
Sang-Nae Cho
Affiliations International Tuberculosis Research Center, Changwon, Republic of Korea, Department of Microbiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
Clifton E. Barry III
Affiliation: Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Disease, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
Laura E. Via
Affiliation: Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Disease, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
Hardy Kornfeld
* E-mail: [email protected]
Affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
Introduction
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality from infectious disease worldwide [1]. It is estimated that two billion people are presently infected with causal agent, Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Within the large pool of persons with latent TB infection (LTBI) there is a ∼5% lifetime risk of developing active TB disease. TB disease risk is influenced by inherited and acquired susceptibility factors. HIV/AIDS has long been appreciated as a major acquired risk factor, with relative risk estimated between 20 and 37 depending on the local state of the HIV epidemic [2]. Diabetes and exposure to cigarette smoke have more recently been...