STIM1/Orai1 coiled-coil interplay in the

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Received 10 May 2013 | Accepted 20 Nov 2013 | Published 19 Dec 2013

Peter B. Stathopulos1, Rainer Schindl2, Marc Fahrner2, Le Zheng1, Genevive M. Gasmi-Seabrook1, Martin Muik2, Christoph Romanin2 & Mitsuhiko Ikura1

Orai1 calcium channels in the plasma membrane are activated by stromal interaction molecule-1 (STIM1), an endoplasmic reticulum calcium sensor, to mediate store-operated calcium entry (SOCE). The cytosolic region of STIM1 contains a long putative coiled-coil (CC)1 segment and shorter CC2 and CC3 domains. Here we present solution nuclear magnetic resonance structures of a trypsin-resistant CC1CC2 fragment in the apo and Orai1-bound states. Each CC1CC2 subunit forms a U-shaped structure that homodimerizes through antiparallel interactions between equivalent a-helices. The CC2:CC20 helix pair clamps two identical acidic Orai1 C-terminal helices at opposite ends of a hydrophobic/basic STIMOrai association pocket. STIM1 mutants disrupting CC1:CC10 interactions attenuate, while variants promoting CC1 stability spontaneously activate Orai1 currents. CC2 mutations cause remarkable variability in Orai1 activation because of a dual function in binding Orai1 and autoinhibiting STIM1 oligomerization via interactions with CC3. We conclude that SOCE is activated through dynamic interplay between STIM1 and Orai1 helices.

DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3963 OPEN

STIM1/Orai1 coiled-coil interplay in the regulation of store-operated calcium entry

1 University Health Network and Department of Medical Biophysics, Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute, Ontario Cancer Institute, University of Toronto, Room 4-804, MaRS TMDT, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L7. 2 Institute of Biophysics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Gruberstrasse 40, 4020 Linz, Austria. Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to C.R. (email: mailto:[email protected]

Web End [email protected] ) or to M.I. (email: mailto:[email protected]

Web End [email protected] ).

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Store-operated calcium (Ca2 ) entry (SOCE) is activated in response to cellular stimuli that deplete the sarco/endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lumen of Ca2 , a prerequisite event

that opens exquisitely Ca2 selective plasma membrane (PM) channels, augmenting cytosolic Ca2 levels and relling ER stores (reviewed in Lewis1 and Putney2). The principal molecular components of SOCE in many cell types include the ER-inserted stromal interaction molecule-1 (STIM1)3,4 and the Orai1 PM channel subunits58, which physically interact at ERPM junctions in a functional Ca2 release-activated Ca2 (CRAC)

channel complex (reviewed in Muik et al.9). CRAC channels have an extremely high selectivity for Ca2 over monovalent ions (that is, 41,000-fold more selective for Ca2 than Na ), a low unitary conductance, a low permeability to large cations (that is,

Cs ) and are regulated by intra- and extracellular Ca2 , conferring a unique functional ngerprint among the Ca2 channel protein family (reviewed in Prakriya and Lewis10). SOCE through CRAC channels is integral to myriad signalling pathways in electrically excitable and non-excitable cells, the most prominent being immune cells in which inheritable mutations in STIM1 and Orai1 have been linked to devastating immunodeciency diseases (reviewed in Feske11). Additionally, a role for STIM1 and Orai1 signalling in other pathologies is coming to light such as in breast cancer, for example, where Orai1 expression is upregulated12.

STIM1 is a type I transmembrane protein with luminal EF-hand and sterile a-motif (SAM) domains that respond to

Ca2 depletion through intramolecular destabilization of the EF-hand:SAM interface, promoting intermolecular homomerization of this region in SOCE initiation13,14. The cytosolic architecture of STIM1 is dened by three putative coiled-coil (CC) segments immediately following the single-pass transmembrane (TM) helix and a distal C-terminal Lys-rich region (poly-K) (Fig. 1a). STIM1 fragments lacking the luminal and TM domains can activate CRAC entry, independent of Ca2 store depletion15,16, implying that the cytosolic portion is sufcient for eliciting SOCE. Specically, the Orai-activating STIM fragment (OASF) that includes CC1CC2CC3 (that is, residues 233450/474) encompasses the machinery required for Orai1 activation17; furthermore, the minimal boundaries within OASF required for coupling to and generation of Orai1 currents are found in the CC2CC3 region. The STIMOrai-activating region (SOAR)18, CRAC-activating domain (CAD)19 and CC boundary 9 (ref. 20) fragments dened by residues 344442, 342448 and 339446, respectively, can maximally activate Orai1 currents in the absence of store depletion. A CC1CC2CC3 (that is, residues 238462) fragment only activates Orai1 currents after clustering; furthermore, co-clustering of CC1 (that is, residues 238343) with a spontaneously Orai1-activating CC1CC2CC3 fragment (that is, residues 315462) inhibits Orai1 activity21. Hence, while CC2CC3 contains the minimum domains for Orai1 coupling and activation, the interplay between CC1, CC2 and CC3 modulates the quiescent and activation-competent states of CC2CC3. Interestingly, a familial R429C mutation in CC3 linked with immunodeciency and immune dysregulation has a dominant-negative effect on CRAC channel function in patients, without abrogation of full-length protein expression, suggesting a role in STIM1 multimerization and/or STIM1:Orai1 interactions for this CC3 residue position22,23.

A high-resolution structure of human SOAR with an L374M/ V419A/C437T triple mutation that stabilizes the dimeric state has been solved in the absence of Orai1 (ref. 24); however, the structural basis for STIM1:Orai1 interactions, precise CC architecture and conformational changes facilitating Orai1 activation are unresolved. In the present study, we solved the solution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) structures of STIM1 CC1CC2 alone and in

complex with the C-terminal domain of Orai1. The structures reveal differences in supercoiling (that is, double a-helix intertwining) in the Orai1-free and -bound states and show that CC2 associates with Orai1 through regions coincidental with the SOAR CC2:CC3 intramolecular interface24, suggesting a mode for STIM1 autoinhibition. Further, the orientation of the two human Orai1 C-terminal helices within the CC2:CC20-created STIMOrai association pocket (SOAP) is highly analogous with the Drosophila C-terminal helices in the dimer units of the crystallized Orai hexamer25, suggesting a mechanism of STIM1:Orai1 C-terminus coupling in the CRAC complex assembly.

ResultsSTIM1 CC1[TM-distal]-CC2 structure. Limited tryptic digestion was used to identify compact domains within the larger cytosolic OASF/OASFext fragments, revealing two major proteolysis-resistant fragments: a segment overlapping CC1 and CC2 (that is, residues 312387, renamed CC1[TM-distal]-CC2) and a second region consisting of CC3 alone (that is, residues 388474/491, renamed CC3) (Supplementary Table S1; Supplementary Fig. S1a,b; Supplementary Discussion). Lengthening the CC1[TM-distal]-CC2 core to include CC3 enhanced the protein stability and dimerization, more comparable to OASFext (Supplementary Fig. S1ch). However, the CC1[TM-distal]-CC2 protein proved to be the most amenable one for solution NMR studies following buffer optimization (Supplementary Fig. S2a,b; Supplementary Discussion). The solution structure of CC1[TM-distal]-CC2 was solved using an Nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE)-derived distance-based approach (Table 1). The structure of CC1[TM-distal]-

CC2 exhibits two extended helices (that is, a1, residues 313340; a2, residues 344382) linked through a short loop (that is, L1, residues 341343) and arranged in an antiparallel manner (Fig. 1c). Two U-shaped monomers form an antiparallel and symmetric dimer through a1:a10, a2:a20 and C-terminal a2:L10 contacts (Fig. 1c). Since low levels of 2,2,2-triuoroethanol (TFE) were required to produce homogeneous NMR spectra, we used far-UV circular dichroism (CD), small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) in the absence of TFE to validate the CC1[TM-distal]-CC2 structure (Supplementary

Figs S2ce,S3 and S4; Supplementary Table S2; Supplementary Discussion); however, it is possible that the low resolution and species-averaging information reported by these techniques could mask conformational effects of TFE only detectable using high-resolution methods (that is, NMR and X-ray crystallography). Hence, we used extensive structure-rationalized and site-specic mutagenesis in combination with far-UV-CD, size exclusion chromatography (SEC) with in-line multi-angle light scattering, pull-down experiments, live-cell electrophysiology and uorescent colocalization studies in the absence of TFE to further substantiate our high-resolution structures and the structure-derived functional models.

We used SOCKET26 to locate the CC interaction network and heptad positions within the CC1[TM-distal]-CC2 structure.

Consistent with primary sequence prediction, two key CC interactions were recognized. One symmetric antiparallel CC forms along residues E320 to A331 of each subunit with V324 and A327 side chains occupying the buried a and d knob positions in a canonical heptad repeat, respectively, that pack into holes made up of four residues that include reciprocating a and d knobs from the partner helix (Fig. 1d). More extensive left-handed supercoiling is observed in the second symmetric antiparallel CC along a2 residues H355 to A369; the a2 CC exhibits one discontinuity in the heptad repeat with E358 and K366 occupying the critical a and d positions, respectively (Fig. 1e).

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a CAD SOAR

342 448 442

344

Luminal

Cytosolic

STIM1

22 63 96 132 200 234 343 389

363

600 629 685

127 672

423

N C

EF1 SAM

EF2 CC1 CC

Lys-rich (poly-K)

(234491)

(234474)

CC 3

Pro/Ser rich

Cytosolic

Cytosolic Cytosolic

(312387)

Orai1

1 301

88 257

107 119 142 174 197 234

TM1

CC3

TM2

TM3

TM4

(388491)

(312491)

OASFext

OASF

CC1[TM-distal]-CC2

N C

CC1[TM-distal]-CC2-CC3

(272292)

2 2 2

L1 L1

1 1

90 180

d e

K 330

Q 323

L 328

Y 361

R 325

E 326

N 363

K 365

E326 A

327

L 328

E 356

V357 E

358

V 359

V 324

K 366

Q 367

E 322

A 331

R 329

I 364

E 320

A 369

H 355

Q 360

1(+) E

320

L 321

A 331

a 1 ()

E 322

2 (+)

Y 362

R 329

()

Q 360

V 324

A 327

I 364

H 355

A 369

Q 367

N 368

R 325

K 366

E 358

V 359

V 357

L 321

Q 323

K 330

E 356

N 363

K 365

Y 361

N 368

90 180

g h

G 379

Q 372

F 279

STIM-Orai association pocket (SOAP)

A376

A380

L373

A369 K366

Y362

Q283 L286

A280

I383

L276

L273

R289

Q285 R281

A277

N274

P344 L347 L351 H355 V359

V 375

L 282

A 376

Q 283

K 371

A 369

L 276

2 (+)

Orai1 C272292 (+)

E 278

Q 285

E 378

A 380

D 287

L 373

A 280

L 374

K 377

R 281

E 370

D 284

L 286

A 277

Figure 1 | NMR structures of apo CC1[TM-distal]-CC2 and the CC1[TM-distal]-CC2:Orai1 C272292 complex. (a) Domain architecture of human STIM1. Amino terminus (N); signal peptide (S); canonical EF-hand (EF1); non-canonical EF-hand (EF2); SAM; TM; putative CC1, CC2 and CC3, respectively; Pro/Ser-rich region; Lys-rich region (poly-K); carboxy terminus (C). Residue ranges are indicated above the domain diagram. Constructs employed in this study are shown below (cyan rectangles) with the residue range (black font) and nomenclature (cyan font) indicated. (b) Domain architecture of human Orai1. Amino terminus (N); TM segments 1, 2, 3 and 4 (TM1, TM2, TM3 and TM4, respectively); carboxy terminus (C). Residue ranges are indicated above the domain diagram. The yellow box delineates the fragment used in this study. (c) Cartoon view of the CC1[TM-distal]-CC2 structure. a1 Helix (a1); loop 1 (L1); a2 helix (a2). Comprehensive structural validation was performed (Supplementary Figs S2ce, S3 and S4). (d) Supercoiling within the a1:a10 interface (defg/abcdefg/a 4/7/1). (e) Supercoiling within the a2:a20 interface

(abcdefg/abcd/abcd 7/4/4). (f) Cartoon view of the CC1

[TM-distal]-CC2:Orai1 C272292 structure. a1 Helix (a1); Loop 1 (L1); a2 helix (a2); Orai1 C272292 helix (O1). (g) Zoomed view of the SOAP shown in f (broken black boxes). The N-terminal a2 and C-terminal a20 side chains (sticks) forming one Orai1-binding site are coloured teal. The side chains (sticks) of the Orai1 C272292 peptide, which pack into the pocket, are coloured salmon. (h) Supercoiling within the a2:Orai1 C272292 interface (defg/abcdefg/a 4/7/1). In d,e,h, the helical wheels show the heptad positions with only reciprocating a (purple) and d (magenta) packing residues adjacent to

one another, not all four residues making up the hole; see Supplementary Fig. S5a, S5b and S5d for the proximity and orientation of the a and d side chains.

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Table 1 | NMR statistics for the apo CC1[TM-distal]-CC2 structure ensemble.

NMR distance and dihedral constraintsTotal NOE distance limits 2,199

Intraresidue 578 Sequential: | i j| 1 504

Medium-range: 1o|i j|o5

643

Long-range: |ij|Z5 102 Intermolecular: 186 2

Hydrogen bonds* 118 2

Total dihedral angle restraintswf 67 2

c 67 2

Globalz Orderedy

Violations (means.d.)||

Number of distance violations 40.3 0.100.45 Number of dihedral violations 45 0.000.00

Max. distance constraint violation () 0.240.03 Max. dihedral angle violation () 3.940.41

Distance constraint rmsd () 0.020.00 Dihedral angle constraint rmsd () 0.550.04

Idealized geometry deviations (means.d.)||

Bond length rmsd () 0.010.00 Bond angle rmsd () 1.350.03

Improper rmsd () 1.420.08

Ramachandran statistics (% of residues)z

Most favourable regions 94.7 98.5 Allowed regions 4.0 1.5 Generously allowed regions 1.3 0.0 Disallowed regions 0.0 0.0

Average pairwise rmsd ()#

Heavy (to lowest energy) 1.530.25 0.770.09 Backbone (to lowest energy) 1.140.29 0.490.10

CC, coiled-coil; Max., maximum; NMR, nuclear magnetic resonance; NOE, Nuclear Overhauser effect; rmsd, root mean square deviation.*Based on CaCb chemical-shift index and amide-exchange data.

wCalculated from the chemical shifts in TALOS49.

zGlobal structure: residues 312387.yOrdered secondary structure components: residues 312339, 345383, determined using the

DSSP algorithm of PROCHECK-NMR57.||Mean and s.d. calculated from the lowest energy 20 structure ensemble.

zCalculated for the ensemble using PROCHECK-NMR57. #Calculated for ensemble using PYMOL58.

The Y342 and A343 residues of L1 are positioned to interact with the C-terminal end of the a20 helix, and although A3760,

A3800 and I3830 residues are in close proximity to L1 (Supplementary Fig. S5c), the L1:a20 contacts appear only marginally stable as the a2 C-terminal region shows high internal dynamics (Supplementary Fig. S6). Consistent with the increased structural variability (that is, relatively higher backbone root mean square deviation (rmsd)) at the N- and C-termini of the ensemble (Supplementary Fig. S6a), 15N-{1H} heteronuclear NOE measurements show decreased saturated/ reference peak intensity ratios, indicating greater mobility on the Bns timescales compared with the central a1 and a2 regions, which exhibit the highest ratios (Supplementary Fig. S6b,c). The most rigid backbone regions within apo CC1[TM-distal]-CC2 are congruent with the a1:a10 and a2:a20 CC congurations observed in dimer stabilization. The increased dynamics at the termini reect regions of conformational instability that are apt to undergo or initiate structural changes related to regulatory mechanisms.

STIM1 CC1[TM-distal]-CC2:Orai1 C272292 complex structure. STIM1 binding to both the Orai1 N- and C-terminal domains are required for recruitment and gating at ERPM junctions; however, the interaction with the Orai1 C-terminal domain occurs with higher apparent afnity than the N-terminal domain, as deletion of the N-terminal domain completely abolishes channel activity but not the ability to co-cluster with STIM1, whereas deletion of the C-terminal domain eliminates the interaction9,16,19,2729. We engineered a glutathione-S-transferase (GST)-Orai1 C272292

fusion (that is, Orai1 residues 272292) (Fig. 1b), which exhibited resistance to degradation and was soluble to 43 mM after GST cleavage. NMR chemical-shift perturbation data demonstrated Orai1 C272292 binding to STIM1 CC1[TM-distal]-

CC2. Specically, the CC1[TM-distal]-CC2 1H-15N-HSQC (heteronuclear single quantum coherence) spectrum exhibited residue-specic chemical-shift perturbations upon addition of unlabelled Orai1 C272292 up to 2 mM (Supplementary Fig. S7a).

Similarly, we observed chemical-shift changes in a titration of unlabelled CC1[TM-distal]-CC2 into uniformly 15N-Orai1 C272292

(Supplementary Fig. S7b). The NMR spectra of the mixed samples exhibited no peak doubling, indicating that this dimeric STIM1 fragment maintains two equivalent Orai1 C272292-binding sites with single magnetic environments at all residue positions. The greatest chemical-shift changes observed in the Orai1 C272292 1H-

15N-HSQC spectrum occurred on both the N- and C-terminal halves of the peptide and included residues E272, L273, N274, A277, E278, A280, R281, H288 and R289 (Supplementary Fig. S7c). The ability of CC1[TM-distal]-CC2 to bind Orai1 C272292 in the absence of TFE was conrmed using pull-down experiments (Supplementary Fig. S7d; Supplementary Discussion).

We used the perturbation data to estimate the concentration of protein or peptide required to saturate our NMR samples (Supplementary Fig. S7e) and proceeded to determine the solution structure of STIM1 CC1[TM-distal]-CC2 in complex with

Orai1 C272292 using NOE-derived distance restraints (Table 2). The dimeric STIM1 protein equivalently binds two Orai1 C272292

molecules (Fig. 1f); furthermore, the Orai1 C272292-binding pocket (that is, SOAP) within the STIM1 CC1[TM-distal]-CC2 region is formed primarily by side chains of the a2 helices; specically, P344, L347, L351, H355 and V359 from the N-terminal side of a2 on one subunit and Y3620, K3660, A3690,

L3730, A3760, A3800 and I3830 from the C-terminal side of a20 on the second subunit form a predominantly hydrophobic groove that accommodates one Orai1 C272292 molecule (Fig. 1g). Side chains from two sides of one Orai1 a-helix pack against opposite faces of the SOAP. The N274, A277, R281, Q285 and R289 Orai1 residues interact with the N-terminal a2 surface, while L273,

L276, A280, Q283 and L286 residues interact with the C-terminal side of the second a20 subunit within the SOAP (Fig. 1g).

Analysis of the complex structure using SOCKET26 revealed the absence of supercoiling at the a1:a10 and a2:a20 interfaces.

Instead, two new parallel CC interactions are formed along L276 to D287 within each Orai1 C272292 domain and residues A369 to

A380 within each of the STIM1 a2 helices (Fig. 1h). The a and d positions of the a2 helices are occupied by L373 and A376, respectively, while A280 and Q283 residues of Orai1 are in the a and d positions, respectively (Fig. 1h). The supercoiling occurs through uninterrupted heptad repeats in 12 residue stretches of the STIM1 a2 and Orai1 C-terminal helices.

STIM1 conformational changes upon Orai1 C272292 binding. Along with the a and d interactions, the a1:a10 interface exhibits central V324:L3280 hydrophobic side-chain packing in the absence of Orai1 C272292 binding (Fig. 2a). In complex with

Orai1 C272292, the a1 helices undergo a registry shift, facilitating

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Table 2 | NMR statistics for the CC1[TM-distal]-CC2:Orai1 C272292 complex structure.

NMR distance and dihedral constraintsTotal NOE distance limits 2,760

Intraresidue 676 Sequential: |ij| 1 907

Medium-range: 1o|ij|o5

944

Long-range: |ij|Z5 67 Intermolecular 39 2; (44 2)

Hydrogen bonds* 112 2; (28 2) Total dihedral angle restraintswf 68 2; (20 2)

c 68 2; (20 2)

Globalz Orderedy

Violations (means.d.)||

Number of distance violations 40.3 0.300.73 Number of dihedral violations 45 0.500.89

Max. distance constraint violation () 0.220.06 Max. dihedral angle violation () 4.131.19

Distance constraint rmsd () 0.020.00 Dihedral angle constraint rmsd () 0.570.11

Idealized geometry deviations

(means.d.)||

Bond length rmsd () 0.010.00 Bond angle rmsd () 1.350.03

Improper rmsd () 1.390.04

Ramachandran statistics (% of residues)z

Most favourable regions 92.6 96.5 Allowed regions 6.9 3.5 Generously allowed regions 0.5 0.0 Disallowed regions 0.0 0.0

Average pairwise rmsd ()#

Heavy (to lowest energy) 1.110.12 0.930.10 Backbone (to lowest energy) 0.760.13 0.580.11

CC, coiled-coil; Max., maximum; NMR, nuclear magnetic resonance; NOE, Nuclear Overhauser effect; rmsd, root mean square deviation, TM, transmembrane.

Values in brackets are specic for the Orai1 C peptide.*Based on Ca-Cb chemical-shift index and amide-exchange data.

wCalculated from the chemical shifts in TALOS49.

zGlobal structure: residues 312387 and 272292.yOrdered secondary structure components: residues 314341, 344383, 272288, determined using the DSSP algorithm of PROCHECK-NMR57.

||Mean and s.d. calculated from the lowest energy 20 structure ensemble. zCalculated for the ensemble using PROCHECK-NMR57.

#Calculated for ensemble using PYMOL58.

closer V324:V3240 side-chain interactions. The helix registry shift causes the distance between the V324-Cb and L3280-Cg atoms to increase from B4.6 in the apo state to B8.1 in the Orai1 C272292-bound state (Fig. 2b). Two marked conformational changes occur in the a2:a20 interface to accommodate the Orai1 C272292 peptides at opposite ends of the SOAP. First, the a2 helices become separated in the Orai1 C272292-bound state compared with the apo state. This a2:a20 dilation is illustrated by the Y362:Y3620 pivot point residues, which move from a distance of B3.2 in the apo form (Fig. 2c) to B11.0 in the Orai1 C272292-bound state (OH groups; Fig. 2d); moreover, the distance between the a2 helical axes increases by B5.6 after this separation (Fig. 2e), and the Y362 side chains interact with L273 of the Orai1 C272292 peptides (Fig. 2d). Second, the

C-terminal half of the a2 helices hinge away from L10 by B30.8 at the Y362 pivot point (Fig. 2f). This angular opening of the a2 helices allows supercoiling with Orai1 C272292 in the

SOAP to occur.

The surface of apo CC1[TM-distal]-CC2 structure is markedly basic in amino-acid composition; however, the a1:a10 super-coiling facilitates the formation of a negative patch by orienting E318, E319, E320 and E322 residues of the two subunits close to one another (Fig. 2g). This acidic region is not interfacial with the a2 C-terminal basic stretch of amino acids (that is, K382, K384,

K385, K386 and R387) previously suggested to keep STIM1 in a quiescent state through an electrostatic clamp21; however, longer-range charge attractions between these structural features may help position the a2 C-terminal region close to L10. The acidic stretch of residues on each a1 helix (that is, E318, E319, E320 and E322) is closer to the identical stretch on the second subunit in the Orai1 C272292-bound versus the apo state, creating a large contiguous negative patch on the a1:a10 face (Fig. 2h). The surface of the SOAP is primarily positive created by H355, K3650, K3660, K3770, K3820, K3840, K3850, K3860 and R3870 of the a2 helices (Fig. 2h). This SOAP basicity is complementary to the predominantly negative surface of each Orai1 C272292 helix created by acidic residues including E272, E275, E278, D284, D287 and D291 and likely contributes to the stability of the complex (Fig. 2h).

Several aspects of the CC1[TM-distal]-CC2 dimer backbone dynamics are consistent with the structural changes accompanying the binding of two Orai1 C272292 peptides in an antiparallel manner (Supplementary Fig. S8a). First, the increased variability in the 15N-{1H} NOE ratios compared with the apo state can be attributed to relatively weak peptide binding, promoting conformational exchange (Supplementary Fig. S8b). Second, the decrease in the backbone dynamics of the N-terminal region (that is, residues 312316) is consistent with the registry shift moving the a1:a10 interaction site closer to the termini, thereby decreasing mobility of the termini (Supplementary Fig. S8b). Most importantly, the attenuated backbone mobility compared with the apo state, observed at the N- and C-terminal regions of a2 that create the SOAP, correlates with the Orai1 C272292-binding sites (Supplementary Fig. S8b,c).

STIM1 CC1[TM-distal]-CC2 structural integrity in SOCE. What is the correlation between CC1[TM-distal]-CC2 structural integrity and the ability of STIM1 to activate Orai1 channels? We answered this question using patch-clamp electrophysiology experiments of HEK-293 cells co-overexpressing full-length monomeric Cherry uorescent protein (mCh)-STIM1 and YFPOrai1 (Fig. 3a) after in vitro assessments of the affect of mutations (Supplementary Fig. S9a) on the folding, stability and dimerization propensity of CC1[TM-distal]-CC2 (Supplementary Table S3;

Supplementary Discussion). Cells co-overexpressing the STIM1 E318Q/E319Q/E320Q/E322Q (that is, 4EQ) charge-neutralizing quadruple mutant, which stabilized the a1:a10 interface and promoted dimerization of the CC[TM-distal]-CC2 region (Supplementary Figs S1h,S10a and S11a), exhibited spontaneous inward-rectifying currents at the time of patch pipette break-in (Fig. 3b,i). The inward currents were blocked by La3 , conrming a CRAC channel-dependent entry. Disruption of the a1:a10 interaction and destabilization of the CC1[TM-distal]-CC2 dimer via the V324P mutation (Supplementary Figs S1h,S10b and S11b) signicantly attenuated the maximal inward-rectifying current compared with the wild type after passive ER Ca2 store depletion with EGTA (Fig. 3c,i), underscoring the importance of an intact a1:a10 interface to transduce a conformation that maximally activates CRAC entry. These data suggest that the a1 structural integrity plays an important role in the quiescent-to-active STIM1 transduction efciency; furthermore, the meta-stability of a1 conferred by the acidic cluster ensures that the region is readily susceptible to allosteric changes.

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Consistent with this notion, the 4EQ mutant that increased the CC1[TM-distal]-CC2 dimer propensity enhanced the CC1[TM-distal]-

CC2 interaction with Orai1 C272292, while the V324P mutation that disrupted CC1[TM-distal]-CC2 dimerization diminished the CC1[TM-distal]-CC2:Orai1 C272292 interaction (Supplementary Fig. S7d).

Our structures revealed centrally located, double Tyr residues within the a2 helices; hence, the Y361K/Y362K double Tyr mutation was engineered to fully eliminate the thermodynamically favourable propensity for Tyr-Tyr stacking30,31 at this central a2:a20 crossover point. The Y361K/Y362K double mutation completely precluded the ability of full-length STIM1 to activate CRAC entry (Fig. 3d,i), consistent with disruption of the a2:a20 interface and CC1[TM-distal]-CC2 dimer destabilization (Supplementary Figs S1h,S10c and S11c). Further, the Y361K/ Y362K double mutation suppressed CC1[TM-distal]-CC2 binding to

Orai1 C272292 (Supplementary Fig. S7d). While inhibition of the SOAP formation was a principal cause of this phenotype, Y3620

interacts with Orai1 L273, also suggesting that the perturbation of intermolecular side-chain packing may have been involved. Consistent with this notion, a single Y362K substitution within STIM1 signicantly reduced maximal currents upon store depletion compared with the wild type (Fig. 3d,i). These data demonstrate that an intact a2:a20 interaction is necessary to induce an activation-competent STIM1 conformation. The possibility that the Y361K/Y362K double mutant causes gross unfolding of the resting SOAR dimer cannot be discounted. Additionally, the Y361K mutation could potentially disrupt contacts with a10; however, since STIM1-Y361K is capable of eliciting maximal Orai1 currents (Fig. 3d,i), this scenario is unlikely.

Our NMR structures revealed that the C-terminal region of a2 hinges away from L10 by 430 upon Orai1 C272292 binding compared with the apo state (Fig. 2f). Interestingly, C-terminal a2 mutations that may affect CC2 homomerization as well as heteromerization with the Orai1 C-terminal domain produce somewhat disparate CRAC current proles. Cells co-overexpres-sing Orai1 and STIM1 A380R show constitutive CRAC entry characterized by maximal inward-current density at the time of break-in and La3 inhibition (Fig. 3e,i). STIM1 I383R induces

Orai1 currents only slightly above the background but is inhibited by La3 (Fig. 3e,i). The preservation of the CC1[TM-distal]-

CC2:Orai1 C272292 interaction observed with the A380R and I383R mutants (Supplementary Fig. S7d) is congruent particularly with the A380R-induced constitutive CRAC activation, and since both the mutations only marginally affect the stability, folding and dimer propensity of CC1[TM-distal]-CC2 (Supplementary

Figs S1h,S10d,e and S11d,e), these residues must be involved in other aspects of the signalling process, such as an intramolecular transition in STIM1 prerequisite to adopting an Orai1 activation-competent state21,32 and/or Orai1 N-terminal interactions. It should be noted that A380 and I383 residues are relatively distant (that is, B2025 ) from the Orai N-terminus in our assembled channel-coupling model (see below); however, additional high-resolution data are required to completely rule out interactions with the Orai1 N-terminus.

a b

Apo

Complex

A327

N C

C N

V324

V324 L328

L328

4.6

A327

L328

L328 8.1

A327

N C

V324

c d

Apo

Y362 2

Y361

L273

3.2

Y362

3.2

Y361

Y362

2.5

L273

11.0

N 2

Y362

Figure 2 | CC1[TM-distal]-CC2 structural changes associated with Orai1 C272292 binding. (a) V324 and L3280 side-chain (green sticks) proximity in the apo a1:a10 interface. The distance between the V324-Cb and L3280-Cg atoms is indicated (broken black line). (b) V324 and L3280 side-chain (green sticks) proximity in the a1:a10 interface of the CC1[TM-distal]-

CC2:Orai1 C272292 structure. The distance between the V324-Cb and L3280-Cg atoms is indicated (red broken line). (c) Central pivot point of the apo a2:a20 interface. The intermolecular Y362-OH (green sticks) distance (broken black line) is shown. (d) Central a2:a20 pivot point in the CC1[TM-

distal]-CC2:Orai1 C272292 structure. The intermolecular Y362-OH (green sticks) distance (broken red line) is shown. The Orai1 L273-Cg (brown sticks) to Y362-OH and intermolecular Y361-OH (green sticks) distances (broken black lines) are also shown. (e) Distance between the a2 helical axes in the apo (blue cartoons; broken black line) versus Orai1 C272292-bound (white cartoons; broken red line) states. (f) Angular opening (broken curved line) of the C-terminal a2 region upon Orai1 C272292 binding. The apo a2 helices (blue cartoons) are shown relative to Orai1-bound a2 helices (white cartoons). (g) Surface electrostatics of the CC1[TM-distal]-CC2 structure. The distinct a1:a10 acidic and the C-terminal basic residues are labelled. (h) Electrostatic complementarity between CC1[TM-distal]-CC2 and

Orai1 C272292 derived from the complex structure. The basic rim residues of the SOAP (broken black circle) and acidic patches are labelled. The Orai1

C272292 peptides (yellow cartoons) and the acidic side chains are shown (red space ll). The electrostatic gradient in g,h is from 2 (red) to 2

(blue) kT/e.

2 2

30.8

9.5 15.1

2 2

1 1

Apo

K377

K382

K371 K366

E322

E319

E326

K386

E318

E320

C N

K382

K385

R387

H355

180

E334

K384 K386 R387

Complex

D291 D287 D284

E319 E320E322

K377 K382 K384

K385

K386

R387

E318

E326

H355

K366 K365

E278

E272 E275

180

E334

SOAP

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Disruption of the surface basicity at the C-terminal a2 region via the K382E/K384E/K385E/K386E (that is, 4KE) quadruple mutation, which only marginally alters the stability, folding and dimerization of CC1[TM-distal]-CC2 compared with the wild type (Supplementary Figs S1h,S10f and S11f), completely abrogates CC1[TM-distal]-CC2:Orai1 C272292 interactions (Supplementary

Fig. S7d) as well as inward CRAC current (Fig. 3e,i), advocating a role for electrostatic complementarity in STIM1:Orai1 coupling and the activation of CRAC entry. Taken together, these data demonstrate that the a2:L10 interface minimally affects the

CC1[TM-distal]-CC2 dimer structure, consistent with the high backbone mobility of the C-terminal a2 region (Supplementary Fig. S6); however, residues of the C-terminal a2 region are involved in multiple facets of CRAC channel activation, including coupling to Orai1 and aspects currently unresolved in available high-resolution structures (Supplementary Discussion).

STIM1 CC1[TM-distal]-CC2:Orai1 C272292 interface in SOCE. We employed live-cell patch-clamp experiments in conjunction with rationalized mutagenesis (Supplementary Fig. S9b) to validate the structurally elucidated STIM1:Orai1 interactions. First, we separately introduced L347R and L351R mutations into full-length STIM1, aimed at disrupting the N-terminal a2 hydrophobic face of the SOAP, while maintaining the electrostatic complementarity to Orai1. Cells co-overexpressing Orai1 and STIM1 with these substitutions exhibited no inward-rectifying current upon passive Ca2 store depletion (Fig. 3f,i); furthermore, OASF-L347R and -

L351R mutants had no ability to colocalize with Orai1 at the PM (Supplementary Fig. S9c,d). We separately engineered R281A, L286S and R289A mutations in full-length Orai1, as these amino acids were identied to make contacts within the SOAP and have not been previously studied (Supplementary Discussion). Cooverexpression of each of these full-length Orai1 mutants with wild-type STIM1 resulted in signicantly attenuated maximal Orai1 currents after store depletion (Fig. 3g,i).

Three anionic Glu amino acids (that is, E272, E275 and E278) are located on the N-terminal half and three Asp residues (that is, D284, D287 and D291) are present on the C-terminal half of Orai1 C272292. Cells co-overexpressing an Orai1 E272A/E275A/

E278A triple mutant with wild-type STIM1 did not appreciably affect the currentdensity proles compared with the wild-type Orai1 (Fig. 3h,i). However, the Orai1 D284A/D287A/D291A triple mutant signicantly attenuated the maximum inward currents versus wild type (Fig. 3h,i). Hence, the acidic D284, D287, D291 triplet within Orai1 C272292 plays a dominant role in complementing the electropositive surface of the SOAP and is consistent with a close proximity to the basic C-terminal a2 stretch (that is, K3820, K3840, K3850 and K3860) elucidated in the complex structure. All Orai1 mutations that inhibited CRAC currents also attenuated colocalization with STIM1-OASF at the PM (Supplementary Fig. S9c,e), suggesting reduced STIM1:Orai1 coupling. Hence, both non-polar and polar forces promote Orai1 C272292 binding to CC1[TM-distal]-CC2.

DiscussionThe present structures of apo and Orai1 C272292-complexed

STIM1 CC1[TM-distal]-CC2 complemented by in vitro biophysical and live-cell functional analyses have illuminated several mechanistic features of STIM1-Orai1 signalling. First, the nature of the CC1:CC10 interaction is coupled to the efciency of Orai1 activation by STIM1. CC1[TM-distal]:CC1[TM-distal]0 interactions that favour a dimer conformation promote coupling to and activation of Orai1, as evidenced by the 4EQ mutant, which increases dimer propensity and stability of CC1[TM-distal]-CC2, resulting in constitutive Orai1 currents in the full-length STIM1

a Ag/AgCl electrode

10 mM CaCl

~23C

~2430 h post transfection

Bath electrode Whole-cell patch configuration

20 mM EGTA

+YFP-Orai1

+mCh-STIM1

HEK-293 cell

b c

STIM1-V324P + Orai1 (n = 14)

I (pA/pF) I (pA/pF) I (pA/pF) I (pA/pF)

I (pA/pF)

STIM1-4EQ + Orai1 (n = 9)

+La3+

STIM1 + Orai1 (n = 14)

12 0 50 100 150 200 250

Time (s)

10 0 50 100 150 200 250Time (s)

d e

STIM1-Y361K/Y362K + Orai1 (n = 9)

STIM1 + Orai1 (n = 14)

Time (s)

I (pA/pF)

STIM1-4KE + Orai1 (n = 8)

STIM1-I383R + Orai1 (n = 11)

STIM1-A380R + Orai1 (n = 9)

STIM1 + Orai1-R281A (n = 10)

STIM1 + Orai1-R289A (n = 10)

STIM1 + Orai1 (n = 14)

STIM1-Y362K + Orai1 (n = 12)

STIM1-Y361K + Orai1 (n = 11)

+La3+

10 0 50 100 150 200

10 0 50 100 150 200 250

f g

STIM1 + Orai1-L286S (n = 12)

Orai1 mutants

I (pA/pF)

STIM1-L347R + Orai1 (n = 8)

STIM1-L351R + Orai1 (n = 8)

STIM1 + Orai1 (n = 14)

10 0 50 100 150 200 250Time (s)

h i

Wild type

4EQ

V324P

Y361K

A380R

I383R

4KE

Wild type

3EA

3DA

STIM1 + Orai1-3DA (n = 9)

I (pA/pF)

Y361K/Y362K

L351R

L347R

Y362K

R281A

L286S

R289A

STIM1 + Orai13EA (n = 12)

* * *

STIM1 + Orai1 (n = 14)

* *

0 STIM1 mutants

10 0 50 100 150 200 250Time (s)

Maximal currents

Figure 3 | Affects of CC1[TM-distal]-CC2:Orai1 C272292 mutations on full-length function. (a) Whole HEK-293 cell patch-clamp conguration used in this study. Current densities were measured at 86 mV. (bf) Inward-

current plots of cells co-overexpressing wild-type YFP-Orai1 and full-length mCh-STIM1 4EQ (b), V324P (c), Y361K/Y362K, Y362K or Y361K (d), A380R, I383R or 4KE (e) and L347R or L351R (f). (g,h) Inward-current plots of cells co-overexpressing wild-type mCh-STIM1 and mutant YFPOrai1 R281A, L286S or R289A (g) and D284A/D287A/D291A or E272A/ E275A/E278A (h). (i) Summary graph of maximal inward currents. Green bars represent spontaneous maximally activated currents and red bars indicate signicantly attenuated maximal currents. The Orange bar represents I383R, which showed spontaneous inward currents slightly above background. Data are meanss.e.m. for n, number of cells and asterisks denote *Po0.05 by two-tailed Students t-test. Curvecolours match the residues in Supplementary Fig. S9a,b. See

Supplementary Table S3 for in vitro (Supplementary Figs S10 and S11) and live-cell data summary.

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context (Supplementary Table S3). A STIM1 E318A/E319A/ E320A/E322A (that is, 4EA) mutant, previously shown to constitutively activate CRAC channels in Orai1 co-overexpressing COS-7 cells21, likely has a similar mode of action as 4EQ. Of the 4E residues in the 4EQ and 4EA mutants (that is, E318, E319, E320 and E322), only E322 (that is, E264 in Caenorhabditis elegans) contacts the CAD/SOAR region based on the C. elegans STIM crystal structure (3TER.pdb); furthermore, deletion of residues 318322 containing the 4E stretch does not alter the Ca2 store-dependent wild-type behaviour of STIM1 in terms of puncta formation and Orai1 activation33. Taken together, these data suggest that the mechanism by which the 4EQ and 4EA mutations constitutively activate Orai1 is distinct from the effects of the 310337 deletion mutant24, which probably eliminates all folding constraints on the CAD/SOAR region, resulting in constitutively Orai1 activation. Disruption of CC1[TM-distal] via a helix-breaking V324P mutation destabilizes

CC1[TM-distal]-CC2 and promotes monomer, resulting in less efcient Orai1 activation (Supplementary Table S3; Supplementary Discussion).

Second, each STIM1 dimer forms two identical Orai1 C272292-binding sites through an antiparallel conguration of the a2 helices, positioning N- and C-terminal a2 residues on opposite faces of each binding site within the SOAP (Fig. 1g). All previously identied STIM1 cytosolic fragments, which activate Orai channels preserve the SOAP (that is, CAD19, SOAR18, OASF17 and CC boundary 9 (ref. 20)). This structural organization is corroborated by several previous studies demonstrating that the efcacy of CRAC channel activation by CAD/SOAR in live cells is sensitive to truncations and mutations at the N-terminus of a2. For example, the L347A/Q348A mutation abolishes SOAR colocalization and co-immuno-precipitation with Orai1 (refs 18,24). Moreover, L273S and L276D mutations in the Orai1 C-terminal domain strongly inhibit CRAC entry16,18,34, and our data reveal that these non-polar residues contact opposite sides within one hydrophobic cleft of the SOAP (Fig. 1g). Further, STIM1 fragments that exclude B68 residues from the N-terminal a2 helix (that is, fragments encompassing residues 350450 or 350448) inefciently induce CRAC entry compared with CAD and SOAR fragments, which retain these residues18,19. Mutations on the a2 C-terminal face of the SOAP can also disrupt Orai1 activation. The OASF L373S mutant fails to induce constitutive Orai1 currents concomitant with a decrease in STIM1:Orai1 colocalization27. STIM1 A376K constitutively forms puncta at resting ER Ca2 , with no ability to recruit Orai1 to these ERPM sites35. The non-polar interactions within the SOAP are reinforced by charge complementarity (that is, STIM1 K382, K384, K385, K386 with Orai1 D284, D287, D291), an interaction mechanism rst proposed by Baird and coworkers36,37 who showed that K384Q/K385Q/K386Q or Orai1 E272Q/E275Q/E278Q/D284N/D287N/D291N mutations can abolish STIM1:Orai1 colocalization and SOCE.

Foremost, our structural data reveal that the supercoiling changes from the apo CC1[TM-distal]-CC2 to the Orai1 C272292-complexed state, suggesting a dynamic CC interplay is involved in the activation of Orai1 channels. In the apo STIM1 state, CC1[TM-distal]-CC2 exhibits intersubunit (that is, a1:a10 and a2:a20) CC interactions, constricting the SOAP within the a2 CC interface. Complexed with Orai1 C272292, the homotypic intersubunit supercoiling is alleviated and, instead, STIM1 engages in heterotypic a2:Orai1 C272292 supercoiling. Structural alignment of CC2 from the SOAR structure24 with CC2 of the apo CC1[TM-distal]-CC2 and CC1[TM-distal]-CC2:Orai1 C272292

structures shows that CC3 of SOAR occupies the same position as CC20 (that is, a20) of the apo structure (Supplementary

Fig. S12a) and Orai1 C272292 within the complex structure

(Supplementary Fig. S12b). The analogous positions allude to an elegant CC-switching mechanism involved in CRAC activation (see below). The STIM1 CC3 region drives the oligomerization of the cytosolic domains necessary to activate Orai1 channels, as previous work showed that STIM1 residues 420450 are required for the enhancement of STIM1 homomerization as well as CRAC activation17, and residues 392448 are essential for stabilizing higher-order STIM1 oligomers after ER Ca2 store depletion35.

Indispensible CC3-mediated oligomerization is also congruent with reports showing that C-terminal truncations decrease the intermolecular FRET between CAD molecules35 and markedly disrupt the ability of SOAR fragments to activate Orai1 (ref. 18). We speculate that the SOAR crystalline state represents a quiescent, non-Orai1-coupled structure, which may undergo a conformational change such that the CC2:CC20 orientation mimics that observed in the apo CC1[TM-distal]-CC2 solution structure prior to coupling with and gating of the Orai channels. The basis for this speculation includes the facts that SOAR CC2:CC3 interface mutations can cause an OASF extension, which has been linked with Orai1 activation32, and the apo CC1[TM-distal]-CC2 structure is more analogous to the Orai1

C272292-complexed state and appears better primed for the Orai1 C-terminal interaction.

Recently, Drosophila melanogaster Orai was crystallized in a hexameric conformation with individual dimers stabilized through antiparallel CC interactions between the cytosolic C-terminal helices25. Remarkably, the antiparallel conguration of the Orai C-terminal helices in D. melanogaster appears primed for an interaction with STIM, highly analogous to the one elucidated in our human STIM1 CC1[TM-distal]-CC2:Orai1

C272292 complex structure (Fig. 4a). The interhelix angle between the two interacting D. melanogaster Orai C-terminal helices (that is, 152) is very similar to the angle observed in our human complex structure (that is, 136) (Fig. 4a). Docking of three dimer structures of CC1[TM-distal]-CC2:Orai1 C272292 on the Orai hexamer by structurally aligning the common Orai C-terminal regions (Fig. 4b,c) conrms the noteworthy structural compatibility. Specically, the N-termini of CC1[TM-distal]-CC2, indicating the positions of CC1[TM-proximal], are directed away from the cytosolic channel face towards the ER membrane; further, the C-termini of CC1[TM-distal]-CC2, marking the locations of CC3, are adjacent to the C-termini from neighbouring CC1[TM-distal]-CC2 dimers and are compatible with homotypic oligomerization of CC1[TM-distal]-CC2 via CC3 interactions into a required functional stoichiometry (Fig. 4b).

Our solution NMR structures and functional data in conjunction with recent CRAC component crystal structures convey a CC-switching mechanism in the transition of the cytosolic STIM1 region from a quiescent to an Orai1 activation-competent state. We propose that intramolecular CC2:CC3 supercoiling (Supplementary Fig. S12c; Supplementary Discussion) contributes to the suppression of CC3-mediated STIM1 assembly and internal autoinhibition of intermolecular CC2:CC20 as well as

CC2:Orai1 C272292 interactions, since CC3 occupies the same space as CC20 and Orai1 C272292 after structural alignment of

CC2 (Fig. 5a; Supplementary Fig. S12a,b). Store depletion drives self-association of CC1[TM-proximal], which induces a cytosolic domain rearrangement32,38 that we believe favours the a1:a10 CC interaction elucidated in our apo structure.

Accessing this conformation releases the intramolecular CC2:CC3 supercoiling, permitting the structurally elucidated intermolecular CC2:CC20 supercoiling (Fig. 5a). Critically, the antiparallel a2:a20arrangement forms the SOAP, which ultimately facilitates a2:Orai1 C272292 supercoiling upon complexation. The released

CC3 module promotes the assembly of STIM1 dimers into higher-order oligomers such as hexamers (Fig. 5b) or tetramers

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NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3963 ARTICLE

Cytosolic view

QFQELNELAEFARLQDQLDHRGDHPLTPGSHYA

4HKR.pdb

crystal structure

D. melanogaster Orai hexamer

CC3

D. melanogaster Orai dimerTM region

Out

CC3

D. melanogaster Orai dimer Cytosolic region

H. sapiens Orai1 C272292

plus STIM1 CC1[TM-distal]-CC2

C C152

136

SOAP

CC3

NMR complex structure

D. melanogaster Orai

H. sapiens Orai1

315 GIRELEMLKEQME-QDHLEHHNNIRNNGEGEEF 341

269 301

Figure 4 | Docking of CC1[TM-distal]-CC2 on the Orai hexamer. (a) Structural homology between D. melanogaster Orai and human Orai1 C272292. TheD. melanogaster Orai dimer (top) shows an antiparallel C-terminal conguration (yellow) highly homologous to human Orai1 C272292 (bottom; yellow). The analogous interhelix angles indicated (broken curved lines). (b) Docking of CC1[TM-distal]-CC2 onto hexameric D. melanogaster Orai. The Orai1 C272292

helices within the CC1[TM-distal]-CC2 complex were structurally aligned through sequentially similar regions in each D. melanogaster Orai dimer. CC3 locations are inferred from the position of the a2 C-termini. The Orai dimer unit is indicated (broken black box). (c) Sequence alignment of D. melanogaster

Orai and H. sapiens Orai1 C-terminal residues. The H. sapiens Orai1 C272292 residues and the homologous residues visible in the D. melanogaster crystal structure are yellow. The boxed residues indicate the structurally aligned regions.

(Supplementary Fig. S13a) through CC3:CC30 interactions. Recent studies show that concatenated hexameric Orai1 is permeable to Na and Cs ions in addition to Ca2 , in contrast to the highly Ca2 selective concatenated Orai1 tetramer and native Orai1 channels39. Importantly, our STIM1 oligomerization model predicts that CC1 and CC2 mediate intradimer supercoiling essential to maintain the dimer unit building blocks of the STIM1-activation apparatus, while CC3 coordinates the assembly of these units to present a tetramer, hexamer or any other even-numbered multimeric structure to the cytoplasmic face of the Orai1 proteins for coupling and activation.

We suggest that the binding-induced arrangement of the Orai1 C-termini within each STIM1 dimer is a key step in eliciting an Orai1 subunit reorientation necessary for channel-gating. At ER PM junctions, two Orai1 C-termini couple to the a2:a20 SOAP formed by each STIM1 dimer, stabilized by CC2:Orai1 C272292

supercoiling (Fig. 5a,b; Supplementary Fig. S13a). The D. melanogaster Orai C-terminal helices are inwardly twisted compared with the human Orai1 C272292 following structural alignment of the homologous residues (Supplementary Fig. S13b). Hence, we speculate that the interaction not only recruits Orai1 to the ERPM junctions but also causes an allosteric movement in the Orai1 TM helices, an outward angular rotation of both TM4 helices, for example (Supplementary Fig. S13b), necessary for channel activation. A dual role for the Orai1 C-terminal domain in recruitment and gating is consistent with Orai1CAD fusions that exhibit no channel activity when Orai1 residues 272279 are deleted, despite forced colocalization29. It should be noted that the D. melanogaster Orai and human Orai1 sequence identity is only B25% through the nal 32 C-terminal residues (Fig. 4c)

and, thus, the observed structural differences may partly originate from this incongruity. The Orai1 N-terminal residues 70/7491 are also required for gating of the pore18,19 and enhance trapping of channels at ERPM junctions29. Considering that CC2CC3

STIM1 fragments are the minimal activating regions within STIM1 (refs 1820), Orai1 N-terminal interactions with CC2, CC3 or other regions of Orai1 must also occur for channel activity. Precise elucidation of the N-terminal-coupling mechanisms and allosteric conformational changes vital for Orai1 channel activation requires further structural work.

Methods

Protein expression and purication. The 6 His-tagged STIM1 constructs (that

is, residues 234474/491 (OASF and OASFext, respectively), residues 312387 (renamed CC1[TM-distal]-CC2); residues 388491 (renamed CC3); a concatenated

version of these regions including residues 312491 (renamed CC1[TM-distal]-CC2-

CC3) (Fig. 1a)) were cloned into pET-28a using the NheI/XhoI sites. STIM proteins were expressed in BL21-DE3 Escherichia coli at 24 C overnight and pulled out of crude lysate solubilized with 6 M guanidine HCl, 20 mM TRIS, 7.5 mM b-mercaptoethanol (BME), pH 8 using Ni-NTA agarose (Qiagen Inc.). Subsequently, the agarose resin was washed in 6 M urea, 20 mM TRIS, 1 mM dithiothreitol, pH 8, and protein was eluted using wash buffer supplemented with 350 mM imidazole. After dialysis (that is, 6,0008,000 molecular weight cutoff; Spectra/Por membrane) and overnight digestion with bovine thrombin at 4 C (12.5 units mg 1 protein), gel ltration chromatography (that is, Superdex S200 10/300 GL; GE Healthcare

Inc.) in 20 mM TRIS, 300 mM NaCl, 1 mM DTT, pH 7.3 and 8 (that is, pH 8 for OASF, OASFext and CC1[TM-distal]-CC2-CC3; pH 7.3 for CC1[TM-distal]-CC2) was employed as a nal purication step. Protein homogeneity to 495% was conrmed with Coomassie blue-stained SDSPAGE. The commercially available QuikChange kit (Stratagene Inc.) was used for the introduction of point mutations, and all mutagenesis was conrmed with the help of DNA sequencing (ACGT Corp.).

The Orai1 C272292 fragment (Fig. 1b) cloned in pGEX-4T1 using the BamHI/ EcoRI sites was expressed in BL21-DE3 E. coli at 37 C for 4 h. Cell lysate was collected after resuspension in phosphate-buffered saline, probe-sonication on ice and incubation in the presence of 1% (v/v) Triton X100 and 2 mM BME at 4 C. The GST fusions were pulled out of the lysate using GST Sepharose 4B beads (GE Healthcare Inc.), washed with phosphate-buffered saline in the presence of 2 mM BME and eluted with 20 mM TRIS, 150 mM NaCl, 2 mM DTT and 10 mM reduced glutathione, pH 7.5. Subsequently, the GST was cleaved by overnight incubation with bovine thrombin (that is, 15 units mg 1 fusion protein, 20 mM TRIS,150 mM NaCl, pH 7.5, 4 C). Free Orai1 C272292 was collected and concentrated

using ultraltration, sequentially through 10,000 Da and 2,000 Da molecular weight cutoff membranes. The mass of intact Orai1 C272292 was conrmed using mass

spectrometry.

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Dimer

Hexamer

Ca2+

Orai1

CC3

CC2

CC3

CC1 CC1

CC2 CC2

CC3 CC3

O1C

CC1

CC1 CC2 CC2

3TEQ.pdb

(Apo)

CC2

CC1 CC1

(Crystal)

Closed

Open

CC3

Apo STIM1

CC2

CC1

CC2

CC1

Orai1-C

+ Orai1-C (Complex) SOAP

CC3

CC2 CC2

CC3 CC3

O1C

CC1 CC1

CC2 CC2

CC3 CC3

Ca2+

O1C

CC2 CC2

CC3 CC3

CC1 CC1

CC3

STIM1: Orai1-C

Complex

CC1

CC2

CC1

CC2

O1C

O1C CC1

O1C

CC3

Figure 5 | Schematic of STIM1/Orai1 CC interplay in SOCE regulation. CC interactions in the assembly of dimers (a) and hexamers (b). The SOAP is indicated (broken black circle). STIM1 domains from individual subunits are cyan and light blue, while the Orai1 C-terminal domains are yellow. Sites of CC interactions are indicated (solid black lines). The assembly of STIM1 dimer units occurs through CC3:CC30 interactions (broken black lines).

Yellow cylinders represent the Orai1 channel with each dimer unit separated by a broken line. Channels are closed in the absence of STIM1 binding; however, interactions through CC1[TM-distal]-CC2:Orai1 C272292 supercoiling (elucidated herein) and via Orai1 N-terminal domain (currently unresolved)

open the channel pore. CC1 refers to the CC1[TM-distal] region; CC1[TM-proximal] interactions known to have a vital role in the quiescent-to-active conformational switch32,38 are not depicted.

The Orai1 C272292 fragment was cloned into a pMAL-c2x vector using BamHI/ EcoRI sites and expressed in BL21-DE3 E. coli at 15 C overnight. Cells were lysed after resuspension in 20 mM TRIS, 200 mM NaCl, 1 mM EDTA, pH 7.5 using probe-sonication on ice, and after incubation at 4 C in the presence of 0.1% (v/v) Triton X100 and 2 mM BME, the MBP fusions were pulled out of the lysate using Amylose resin (New England Biolabs Inc.). Subsequently, the resin was washed in 20 mM TRIS, 200 mM NaCl, 1 mM EDTA, 0.1% (v/v) Triton X100, 2 mM BME, pH 7.5, and the protein was eluted with wash buffer supplemented with 10 mM maltose. Unless otherwise stated, the buffer was 20 mM TRIS, 300 mM NaCl, 2 mM DTT, pH 7.3 for all in vitro experiments involving recombinant proteins.

Solution NMR spectroscopy. NMR experiments were performed on 600 and 800 MHz Avance (Bruker Biospin Ltd.) spectrometers equipped with cryogenic, triple-resonance probes (1.7 and 5 mm, respectively). Unless otherwise stated, the NMR buffer was 20 mM bisTRIS and 17.5% (v/v) TFE, pH 5.5. Backbone data were acquired using standard 1H-15N-HSQC, 1H-15N-13C-HNCO40, CBCA(CO)NH41 and HNCACB42 experiments, while side-chain data were obtained using 1H-13CHSQC, H(C)(CO)NH-TOCSY43 and (H)C(CO)NH-TOCSY43,44 experiments. NOE data from 15N-edited and 13C-edited 3D NOESY-HSQC (three-dimensional nuclearverhauser enhancement spectroscopy-HSQC) experiments also aided in the assignments45. 15N relaxation data were acquired in the presence and absence of a 3-s 1H saturation period before 15N excitation using the 15N-{1H} heteronuclear NOE pulse sequence46. All spectra were processed using NMRPipe47, and chemical shifts were assigned using XEASY48.

NMR structure calculations. Dihedral angle restraints were calculated from chemical shifts using TALOS49. Hydrogen bond restraints were inferred from the chemical-shift index50 and TALOS secondary structure output. CYANA (v3.0) was used for automated NOE assignment and structure calculation based on 492%

complete chemical-shift assignments and 3D NOESY-HSQC peak lists using

default dimer symmetry weighting51,52. For the apo CC1[TM-distal]-CC2 calculation,

13C/15N-ltered/13C-edited53,54, 13C/15N-ltered/15N-edited53,54, 15N-edited and

13C-edited NOESY45 spectra were used for distance-restraint derivation, using 1:1 mixtures of 15N-13C-labelled and -unlabelled protein (B1.2 mM total protein).

Distance restraints for the CC1[TM-distal]-CC2:Orai1 C272292 complex were derived

from 15N-edited- and 13C-edited NOESY45 spectra of mixtures of 15N-13C-labelled CC1[TM-distal]-CC2 (B0.25 mM) with unlabelled Orai1 C272292 (B2.5 mM), and 15N-13C-labelled Orai1 C272292 (B0.4 mM) with unlabelled CC1[TM-distal]-CC2

(B3.0 mM). The lack of ltered restraints for the complex because of the relatively weak Orai1 C272292-binding afnity was compensated by the high-level chemical-shift assignments (that is, 492%) in the structure calculation using non-distinctive inter- and intramolecular NOESY data51. Water-renement and violation analysis was performed using the RECOORD scripts55 in CNS (v1.1)56. Structure quality (that is, Ramachandran statistics) was assessed using PROCHECK-NMR57. No constraints were derived from the D. melanogaster Orai crystal structure (4HKR.pdb). Structure images were rendered in PyMOL58. STIM1 subunits are distinguished by cyan and light blue colouring, Orai1 C272292 helices are coloured

yellow, N and C denote amino and carboxy termini, respectively, and side-chain positions are shown for the lowest energy 20 structure ensemble.

Solution small angle X-ray and DLS. To verify that the overall conformation of CC1[TM-distal]-CC2 is not inuenced by TFE, we collected solution SAXS and DLS

data. X-Ray scattering measurements were carried out at the 12-ID-C beamline of the Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory (Argonne, IL). The energy of the X-ray beam was 18 keV (wavelength, l 0.6888 ). The sample to

charge-coupled device detector (MAR research, Hamburg) distances were adjusted to achieve scattering q values of 0.006oqo0.28 1, where q (4p/l)siny, and 2y

is the scattering angle. Twenty two-dimensional images were recorded for each buffer or sample using a ow cell at 4 C, with an accumulated exposure time of 12 s to reduce radiation damage. No radiation damage was observed as conrmed by the absence of systematic signal changes in sequentially collected X-ray scattering images. DLS measurements were made on a temperature-controlled

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Dynapro Titan (Wyatt Technology) using a 12 ml, 8.5 mm centre height quartz cuvette. The incident laser light was 827.4 nm, the scattering angle was 90 and the temperature was 20 C. Analysis was performed using the accompanying Dynamics software version 6.7.7.9 (Wyatt Technology).

Solution NMR-binding assays. Equilibrium dissociation constants (Kd) were calculated from plots of chemical-shift perturbation versus CC1[TM-distal]-CC2

concentration in monomers. All 1H-15N-HSQC titration spectra were referenced by overlaying the H(N) resonance of free 15N-acetyl-Gly. The NMRPipe titration analysis scripts were used to evaluate the NMR-binding curves separately based on

15N- and 1H- Orai1 C272292 chemical-shift changes as a function of unlabelled CC1[TM-distal]-CC2 concentration, and the binding data were t to a one-site binding model per monomer (that is, two sites per dimer)47. The model recapitulated the perturbation curves well, and the extracted Kd values ranged from B100 to 600 mM, depending on the resonance and sample analysed (Supplementary Fig. S7e). The presence of TFE prohibits the direct translation of the Kd values to a physiological context because of the weakening affects of the co-solvent on protein interactions (Supplementary Discussion); however, we used a conservative Kd 400 mM to simulate the concentration of peptide required to

saturate 485% of a 400 mM solution of STIM1 CC1[TM-distal]-CC2 (that is, B3 mM

peptide) and prepared our NMR samples for structure determination of the complex accordingly.

MBP pull-down binding assays. MBP-Orai1 C272292 (that is, 25 ml of 10 mM) was incubated with buffer-equilibrated amylose resin (that is, 25 ml) for 15 min at ambient temperature. After excess solution was removed using centrifugation, CC1[TM-distal]-CC2 (that is, 75 ml of 50 mM) was added to the resin and incubated

for 10 min. The resin was washed with buffer (3 750 ml) and water (2 1,000 ml),

removing the solution using centrifugation at each step. The resin was boiled in 1 SDSPAGE loading dye (that is, 80 ml) for 5 min and supernatants were

separated on 12.5% SDSPAGE gels. All centrifugation steps were at 16,000 g for 1 min and 4 C.

SEC with in-line light scattering. SEC was performed on Superdex S200 10/300 GL columns by using an AKTA FPLC system (GE Healthcare Life Sciences) at 4 C. MALS measurements were carried out in-line with SEC by using a three-angle (45, 90 and 135) miniDawn light-scattering instrument equipped with a 690 nm laser and an Optilab rEX differential refractometer (Wyatt Technologies Inc.). Molecular weight was calculated by using the ASTRA software (Wyatt Technologies Inc.) based on the Zimm plot analysis and by using a protein refractive index increment, dn dc 1 0.185 L g 1.

Circular dichroism. Data were acquired on a Jasco J-815 CD Spectrometer (Jasco Inc.) in 1 nm increments (20 nm min 1) by using 0.1 cm pathlength cuvettes, an 8-s averaging time and 1 nm bandwidth. Spectra were corrected for buffer contributions. Thermal melts were acquired by monitoring the change in the 222-nm CD signal as a function of temperature in 0.1 cm cuvettes, an 8-s averaging time, 1 nm bandwidth and a 1 C min 1 scan rate.

Whole-cell HEK-293 patch-clamp experiments. HEK-293 cells (DSMZ, Braunschweig, Germany) were transfected (Transfectin, Bio-Rad) with 1 mg DNA of YFP-Orai1 and mCh-STIM1 constructs. Electrophysiological experiments were performed after 2434 h, using the patch-clamp technique in whole-cell recording congurations at 2125 C. Cells were selected for analyses based on similar cell-to-cell mCh-STIM1 as well as cell-to-cell YFP-Orai1 expression levels by uorescence intensity. The uorescence intensity of mCh-STIM1 and YFP-Orai1 partially active mutants did not exhibit signicantly altered expression levels compared with the wild-type proteins when transfected under similar conditions. An Ag/AgCl electrode was used as the reference electrode. Voltage ramps were applied every 5 s from a holding potential of 0 mV, covering a range of 90 to 90 mV over 1 s. For

passive store depletion, the internal pipette solution included (in mM) the following: 145 Cs methane sulphonate, 20 EGTA, 10 HEPES, 8 NaCl, 3.5 MgCl2 and pH 7.2. Standard extracellular solution consisted of (in mM) 145 NaCl, 10 HEPES,10 CaCl2, 10 glucose, 5 CsCl, 1 MgCl2 and pH 7.4. A liquid junction potential correction of 12 mV was applied, resulting from a Cl -based bath solution and

a sulphonate-based pipette solution. All currents were leak-subtracted either by subtracting the initial voltage ramps obtained shortly following break-in with no visible current activation, or with constitutively active currents after 10 mM La3 application at the end of the experiment. In STIM1/Orai1 co-overexpressing

HEK-293 cells, no other currents besides CRAC currents by store depletion are stimulated and the currents display classic CRAC channel biophysical characteristics; hence, La3 can be reliably used to inhibit Orai1 currents, shown only for constitutively active CRAC current traces.

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Acknowledgements

We are grateful to the Advanced Photon Source (APS) for beamtime usage, Xianyang Fang (National Cancer Institute), Soenke Siefert (APS), Randall Winans (APS) and Masataka Umitsu for their help in collecting the SAXS data. This work was supported by the Austrian Science Foundation (FWF) project P22747 to R.S. and projects P22565 and P25172 to C.R., as well as HSFC and CIHR grants to M.I. M.I. holds a CRC in Cancer Structural Biology.

Author contributions

P.B.S., G.M.G.-S., M.I., R.S. and C.R. determined and analysed the structures. P.B.S. andL.Z. performed the in vitro biophysical studies and related molecular biology. R.S., M.F. and M.M. performed the live-cell electrophysiology studies and related molecular biology. P.B.S. and M.I. wrote the manuscript with input from all other authors.

M.I. and C.R. supervised work in their respective laboratories and jointly coordinated the project.

Additional information

Accession codes: The structure coordinates are deposited in the RCSB protein data bank (pdb codes: 2MAJ.pdb and 2MAK.pdb). NMR chemical shifts and structure constraints are deposited in the BMRB (accession codes: 19362 and 19363).

Supplementary Information accompanies this paper at http://www.nature.com/naturecommunications

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How to cite this article: Stathopulos, P. B. et al. STIM1/Orai1 coiled-coil interplay in the regulation of store-operated calcium entry. Nat. Commun. 4:2963 doi: 10.1038/ ncomms3963 (2013).

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Orai1 calcium channels in the plasma membrane are activated by stromal interaction molecule-1 (STIM1), an endoplasmic reticulum calcium sensor, to mediate store-operated calcium entry (SOCE). The cytosolic region of STIM1 contains a long putative coiled-coil (CC)1 segment and shorter CC2 and CC3 domains. Here we present solution nuclear magnetic resonance structures of a trypsin-resistant CC1-CC2 fragment in the apo and Orai1-bound states. Each CC1-CC2 subunit forms a U-shaped structure that homodimerizes through antiparallel interactions between equivalent α-helices. The CC2:CC2' helix pair clamps two identical acidic Orai1 C-terminal helices at opposite ends of a hydrophobic/basic STIM-Orai association pocket. STIM1 mutants disrupting CC1:CC1' interactions attenuate, while variants promoting CC1 stability spontaneously activate Orai1 currents. CC2 mutations cause remarkable variability in Orai1 activation because of a dual function in binding Orai1 and autoinhibiting STIM1 oligomerization via interactions with CC3. We conclude that SOCE is activated through dynamic interplay between STIM1 and Orai1 helices.

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Title

STIM1/Orai1 coiled-coil interplay in the regulation of store-operated calcium entry

Author

Stathopulos, Peter B; Schindl, Rainer; Fahrner, Marc; Zheng, Le; Gasmi-seabrook, Geneviève M; Muik, Martin; Romanin, Christoph; Ikura, Mitsuhiko

Pages

2963

Publication year

2013

Publication date

Dec 2013

Publisher

Nature Publishing Group

e-ISSN

20411723

Source type

Scholarly Journal

Language of publication

English

DOI

https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms3963

ProQuest document ID

1469284162

STIM1/Orai1 coiled-coil interplay in the regulation of store-operated calcium entry

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