Usefulness of Decrease in Oxygen Uptake Efficiency to Identify Gas Exchange Abnormality in Patients with Idiopathic Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension

Abstract

Background

Decline in oxygen uptake efficiency (OUE), especially during exercise, is found in patients with chronic heart failure. In this study we aimed to test the validity and usefulness of OUE in evaluating gas exchange abnormality of patients with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH).

Methods

We retrospectively investigated the cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) with gas exchange measurements in 32 patients with confirmed IPAH. All patients also had resting hemodynamic measurements and pulmonary function test (PFT). Sixteen healthy subjects, matched by age, sex, and body size were used as controls, also had CPET and PFT measurements.

Results

In IPAH patients, the magnitude of absolute and percentage of predicted (%pred) oxygen uptake efficiency slope (OUES) and oxygen uptake efficiency plateau (OUEP), as well as several other CPET parameters, were strikingly worse than healthy subjects (P<0.0001). Pattern of changes in OUE in patients is similar to that in controls, In IPAH patients, OUE values at rest, warming up, anaerobic threshold and peak exercise were all significantly lower than in normal (P<0.0001). OUEP%pred, better than OUES%pred, correlated significantly with New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional Class (r = −0.724, P<0.005), Total Pulmonary Vascular Resistance (TPVR) (r = −0.694, P<0.005), diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO) (r = 0.577, P<0.05), and the lowest ventilation versus CO2 output ratio during exercise (LowestV˙E/V˙CO2) (r = −0.902, P<0.0001). In addition, the coefficient of variation (COV) of OUEP was lower (20.9%) markedly than OUES (34.3%) (P<0.0001).

Conclusions

In patients with IPAH, OUES and OUEP are both significantly lower than the healthy subjects. OUEP is a better physiological parameter than OUES in evaluating the gas exchange abnormality of patients with IPAH.

About the Authors:

Xiaoyue Tan

Contributed equally to this work with: Xiaoyue Tan, Changwei Wu

Affiliations Department of Pulmonary Function Test, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai, China, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Heart-Lung Function Testing Center, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China

Wenlan Yang

Affiliation: Department of Pulmonary Function Test, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai, China

Jian Guo

Affiliation: Department of Pulmonary Function Test, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai, China

Yan Zhang

Affiliations Department of Pulmonary Function Test, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai, China, Respiratory Division, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of traditional Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, Hangzhou, China

Changwei Wu

Contributed equally to this work with: Xiaoyue Tan, Changwei Wu

Affiliation: Department of Pulmonary Function Test, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai, China

Rikesh Sapkota

Affiliation: Department of Pulmonary Circulation, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai, China

Shailendra Prasad Kushwaha

Affiliation: Department of Pulmonary Circulation, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai, China

Sugang Gong

Affiliation: Department of Pulmonary Circulation, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai, China

Xingguo Sun

* E-mail: [email protected] (XGS); [email protected] (JML)

Affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Heart-Lung Function Testing Center, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China

Jinming Liu

* E-mail: [email protected] (XGS); [email protected] (JML)

Affiliations Department of Pulmonary Function Test, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai, China, Department of Pulmonary Circulation, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai, China

Introduction

Idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH) is a progressive and fatal disease caused by pulmonary vasculopathy [1]–[2]. Low perfusion to the lungs due to inability of the right ventricle to adequately increase pulmonary blood flow (cardiac output [CO]) for O2 exercise demand, gives rise to mismatching of ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) and inefficient lung gas exchange. Cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) with gas exchange measurements has proved to be a powerful tool to detect abnormalities in patients with IPAH during exercise [3]. Patients with IPAH can safely undergo noninvasive cycle ergometer testing to their maximal tolerance [4]. The key CPET characteristics in these patients include a diminished aerobic capacity, an impaired ventilatory efficiency and a decreased minute O2 uptake versus heart rate at peak exercise (peak V˙O2/HR) etc [4]–[8]. These CPET parameters have been widely utilized to grade the severity of exercise limitation, to detect exercise-induced right-to-left shunting, to assess responses to therapy, and to predict prognosis in IPAH patients [5]–[8]. Because of the increasing recognition of potential value of CPET in patients with IPAH, more CPET indexes are required in clinical practice.

Oxygen uptake efficiency (OUE) is a recently emerging parameter which is not obvious in the traditional Wasserman CPET 9-panel plots [9]. OUE measures the change in minute oxygen uptake (V˙O2) relative to minute ventilation (V˙E). The most widely studied index of OUE is the oxygen uptake efficiency slope (OUES), which ordinarily mathematically describes a near-linear relationship for V˙O2 versus V˙E after transforming V˙E from a linear to log scale. Thus OUES defines the slope of V˙O2-vs-logV˙E during an entire exercise period [10]. It was used initially in young patients (mean age 12 yrs) with cardiac disease and then later in adults with heart disease to assess exercise capacity, severity and prognosis [11]–[13]. Recently, the other index of OUE, oxygen uptake efficiency plateau (OUEP) was added. It is well known that the relationship between V˙O2 and V˙E during an incremental exercise test is curvilinear due to hyperventilation stimulated by the excess [H+] of the acidosis of heavy exercise [14]. We found that V˙O2/V˙E when plotted against time normally reached its highest and briefly stable values (plateau) near the anaerobic threshold (AT), before declining due to hyperventilation stimulated by the metabolic acidosis [14]. We defined the highest 90 sec average of V˙O2/V˙E as OUEP. In our CHF patients and normal subjects, we found that the OUEP had less variability and higher predictability and test-retest reproducibility than the OUES. It follows that OUEP may have the potential to better assess severity of dysfunction and to better prognosticate mortality and morbidity in patients with either chronic left or right heart failure [15].However, previously we did not investigate this issue in our patients with pulmonary hypertension .

OUE representing the change in V˙2 as related to V˙E, could be affected by cardiac output (CO), difference between systemic and pulmonary arterial blood O2 contents, lung gas exchange, and changes in pH. OUES is the most widely studied index of OUE, but OUEP, which has not been previously studied in IPAH patients, may have advantages. We had already shown V˙O2/V˙E is lower and can decline in the transition from rest to exercise in patients with left heart failure [15]–[16]. We hypothesized that OUEP in IPAH patients could be lower than the normals and decline in the transition from rest to exercise due to inability to adequately increase cardiac output during exercise.

Methods

Patients and control subjects

We retrospectively investigated the exercise pathophysiology in 32 patients with IPAH referred for evaluation and treatment in Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital between 2009 and 2012. For comparison purposes, the CPET and pulmonary function test (PFT) data of 16 healthy subjects of similar age, sex, and body size were also analyzed (6 men and 10 women; mean age 37.88±16.76 yrs). All CPET study participants signed written informed consent. This study was approved by the Institution of Human Subjects Committee at Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital. The diagnosis of IPAH was based on clinical and laboratory data, including right heart catheterization (RHC), according to currently accepted diagnostic criteria (Dana Point, 2008) [17]. Patients with disorders other than IPAH were excluded according to the recommended diagnostic guidelines for IPAH [17]. The patients were non-smokers at the time of study and most had never smoked. The data included only the first PFT and CPET measurements made after referral to our hospital, nearly always prior to the initiation of pulmonary vasodilator therapy.

PFT Measurements

Each patient and normal subject underwent resting measurements of forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV1), maximum voluntary ventilation (MVV), diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO) and total lung capacity (TLC) using standard methodology[18]–[19] and equipments (Masterscreen-PFT, Jaeger, Hoechberg, Germany; Masterscreen-plethysmography, Jaeger, Hoechberg, Germany). All PFT values were reported in absolute terms and normalized to percentage of predicted (%pred). Predicted spirometry values, TLC and DLCO were calculated using accepted equations for Chinese adults [20].

CPET Procedure and Data Collection

Each patient performed PFT and CPET, after familiarization with the exercise apparatus, on the same day. Before each test, the equipment was calibrated according to manufacturer's specifications using reference and calibration gases. Standard 12 lead electrocardiograms (ECGs) and pulse oximetry were continuously monitored. Blood pressure at the brachial artery was measured every two minutes with an automatic cuff. The exercise protocol consisted of 3 min of rest, 3 min of unloaded cycling at 60 rpm, followed by uniform increase in resistance of 5 to 15 W/min for the patients and 20 to 25 W/min for the normal subjects to maximal tolerance on an electromagnetically braked cycle ergometer (Ergoselect 100, ergoline GmbH, Bitz, Germany) [9]. The rate of increasing work depended on the estimated exercise capacity of the subjects. Subjects were encouraged to exercise to the limits of their functional capacities or until the physician stopped the test because of severe adverse events, such as chest pain, light-headedness, potentially life-threatening arrhythmias, ST-segment changes, or marked systolic hypotension. Most CPET values were reported in absolute terms and normalized to percentage of predicted (%pred). Predicted values were calculated using accepted equations [9].

CPET data Calculations

Carbon dioxide output (V˙CO2, ml/min, STPD), V˙O2 (ml/min, STPD), V˙E (l/min, BTPS), tidal volume (l, BTPS), were measured continuously on a breath-by-breath basis using a CPX Metabolic Measurement Cart (Masterscreen-CPX, Jaeger, Hoechberg, Germany) that was equipped with rapidly-responding O2 and CO2 analyzers. Data were averaged every 10 sec. Peak V˙O2 was defined as the highest 30 sec average of V˙O2, and other peak parameters were calculated at the same time. Each AT was determined by the V-slope method [21]. V˙E-V˙CO2 slope was determined by linear regression analysis of the relation between V˙E and V˙CO2 during exercise, excluding data above the ventilatory compensation point [22]. Lowest V˙E/V˙CO2 was determined by averaging the lowest consecutive 90 sec data points [22].

In addition, to show patterns of gas exchange change in patients as related to time and exercise intensity during CPET, V˙O2/V˙E, V˙E/V˙CO2 and PETCO2 values at 4 periods were respectively averaged: the last minute of rest, last minute of unloaded cycling, 1 min before the AT was reached (only for V˙O2/V˙E), 1 min after the AT was reached (only for V˙E/V˙CO2 and PETCO2) and for 30 sec at peak exercise.

OUE definitions and measurements

The OUES was defined as the regression slope “a” in V˙O2 = a×log10V˙E+b. A steeper slope or higher OUES represents a more efficient oxygen uptake per volume of ventilation (Figure 1). The OUEP was defined as the 90 sec average of the highest consecutive measurements of V˙O2/V˙E near the AT (Figure 2) [14].

[Figure omitted. See PDF.]

Figure 1. Difference of OUES between a typical IPAH patient and a control subject.

Linear (upper panel) and single-segment logarithmic (lower panel) relation between V˙O2 (ml/min) and V˙E (ml/min) for 2 different subjects. Steeper slopes represents more efficient oxygen uptake. The control subject (steeper slopes, aged 24 years; height, 158 cm; weight, 45 kg), has an oxygen uptake efficiency slope (OUES) of 2.72 whereas the IPAH patient (shallower slopes, aged 21 years; height, 161 cm; weight, 47 kg) has an OUES of 1.02.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0098889.g001

[Figure omitted. See PDF.]

Figure 2. Difference of OUEP and OUE between a typical IPAH patient and a control subject.

The kinetics of changes in oxygen uptake efficiency (OUE) for the same tests and subjects as depicted in Figure 1. OUE typically increase during exercise from rest to plateau in normal subjects and then decrease gradually until exercise end. It then decreases further in the immediate recovery period and begin stabilizing after about 2 minutes. In IPAH patients, OUE changes in a similar way as the controls, but is always lower than the controls in the transition from rest to exercise end.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0098889.g002

Statistical analysis

Microsoft Office-2000, SPSS-10.0 and Origin-7.0 computer software were used. Data are expressed as mean ±SD, except where specifically noted. Most PFT and CPET values are expressed in absolute terms and %pred. P<0.05 was considered significant. Unpaired Student t-test was used for comparison between IPAH patients and normal subjects, whereas X2 test was performed for gender analysis. The differences in OUE, V˙E/V˙CO2 and PETCO2 at each time period were respectively assessed by repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). Correlations between OUE and other variables were determined by Pearson's correlation test, except for NYHA functional classification by Spearman rank correlation test.

Results

Baseline clinical and demographic characteristics

Characteristics of patients and healthy subjects are detailed in Table 1. The female-to-male ratio of the IPAH patients and healthy subjects in this study were about 2∶1. The PFT and CPET parameters of the healthy group were within normal limits. The DLCO values were significantly lower in the IPAH patients compared with the normals. The FEV1/FVC in the IPAH group was significantly lower than the control group, but still within normal limit. Other PFT values were normal. 69% of IPAH patients were NYHA functional class 2 while 75% had cardiac index below 2.5.

[Figure omitted. See PDF.]

Table 1. Demographics, hemodynamics, Pulmonary Function Testing and Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing parameters in IPAH patients and Control subjects.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0098889.t001

All individuals completed their CPET studies without accident or untoward effects. Nearly all patients stopped exercise because of fatigue and/or acute shortness of breath; uncommonly, patients noted palpitations or light-headedness and recovered after resting for several minutes. All subjects declared they had done their best. In IPAH group, except for peak heart rate and peak ventilation, the magnitude of the absolute and percentage of all CPET parameters of oxygen uptake and ventilatory efficiency were strikingly abnormal.

Decrease of OUES in IPAH

As shown in Figure 1, the typical case of IPAH had a lower OUES than the matched normal subject. The OUES of IPAH group was 1.08±0.37 which was significantly lower than 1.98±0.44 of control (p<0.0001).

Changes and contributions in OUE and V˙E/V˙CO2 during CPET

As shown in Figure 2, the OUE response of IPAH patient to exercise was clearly different from that of the matched normal subject. At all times, the OUE values of IPAH patient were lower than those of control.

The left top portion of Figure 3 shows OUE values for patients and normal subjects at four time periods. OUE values at all time periods were markedly lower in IPAH patients than in normal subjects (P<0.001). In control group, the differences in OUE values at four time periods were significant (P<0.001), and changes between adjacent periods were evident (P<0.001). However in IPAH group, the differences in OUE values at four time periods were also significant (P = 0.023), but the magnitude of OUE changes was much smaller than the control group.

[Figure omitted. See PDF.]

Figure 3. Difference of CPET parameters between IPAH and control groups at different stages of exercise.

The group mean±SD Values of IPAH) and control (NORMAL) groups are shown at stages of rest, unloaded cycling, AT, and peak exercise during incremental cycle ergometry tests. Values are. On the left side from top to bottom, they are OUE, V˙E/V˙CO2 and PETCO2.; on the right side from top to bottom they are V˙O2, V˙CO2 and V˙E. Statistically significant differences between groups at the same stage are shown as NS for no significance, * for P<0.05, ** for P<0.005, below value symbol.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0098889.g003

Figure 3 left center, shows V˙E/V˙CO2 values at similar times. IPAH patients had significantly greater V˙E/V˙CO2 than normal subjects at all activity levels (P<0.001). From rest to the AT, V˙E/V˙CO2 values in control group reduced greatly, however in IPAH group decreased hardly. Compared with V˙E/V˙CO2 values at AT, there was no obvious reduction at peak either for controls or patients.

Figure 3 left bottom, shows the significantly reduced PETCO2 values at all levels of activity in the IPAH group compared with the control group (P<0.001). In the control group, PETCO2 values distinctively increased with increasing level of activity until AT, thereafter decreased mildly at peak. On the contrary, PETCO2 values in IPAH patients did not increase at all from resting values.

Figure 3 right side, shows the similarities of both IPAH and Control groups for V˙O2 and V˙CO2 at rest and warm-up (P>0.05). There were significant differences at AT (P<0.05) and peak exercise (P<0.001). However, for V˙E, IPAH patients had higher values than those of Control subjects at rest (P<0.05) and warm-up (P<0.001), but no difference at AT and peak exercise (P>0.05). This indicates that at any required metabolic rate (as V˙O2 and V˙CO2), the ventilation is over driven by lung compensation for a limited heart function, i.e. mismatched Q/VA. The low and unchanged PETCO2 is the evidence of hyperventilation in patients with IPAH.

OUE as related to key abnormal parameters for IPAH patients

The correlations between OUE and other key parameters for IPAH patients are shown in Table 2. OUEP %pred correlated significantly with NYHA functional Class (r = −0.724, P<0.005), Total Pulmonary Vascular Resistance (TPVR) (r = −0.694, P<0.005), DLco %pred (r = 0.577, P<0.05), peak PETCO2 (r = 0.68, P<0.005), and lowest V˙E/V˙CO2 (r = −0.902, P<0.0001). In contrast, the OUES %pred did not correlate significantly with above parameters (r = 0.125, −0.015, 0.493, 0.179, −0.136, all P>0.05).

[Figure omitted. See PDF.]

Table 2. Correlations between OUE and key abnormal parameters for IPAH patients (N = 32).

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0098889.t002

Comparison between OUEP and OUES for IPAH patients

Table 3 compares the mean and variability of the OUEP and OUES values in the 32 IPAH patients. The coefficient of variation(COV) of the OUEP (20.9%) was significantly lower than that of the OUES (34.3%) (P<0.0001).

[Figure omitted. See PDF.]

Table 3. Mean, SD, range and COV of OUE measurements during Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing in IPAH patients (N = 32).

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0098889.t003

Discussion

Although previous studies have demonstrated the clinical utility of CPET in patients with IPAH [3], our study is the first to evaluate the value of OUE measurements driven from CPET in these patients. In addition, our study is the first to show that the decreased OUE can also be a marker representing impaired gas exchange in patients with IPAH. Moreover, we have shown that, beyond the traditional measurements of exercise capacity and ventilatory efficiency, OUEP is better than OUES, because it is less variable and is more significantly correlated with resting pulmonary hemodynamics in these patients.

In the present study, the usual parameters of exercise capacity and gas exchange (V˙peak O2, peak work rate, anaerobic threshold, peak heart rate, peak O2 pulse, peak PETCO2, V˙E-V˙CO2 slope and lowest V˙E/V˙CO2) were all abnormal in the IPAH patients (Table 1). Peak V˙O2, anaerobic threshold, V˙E-V˙CO2 slope, lowest V˙E/V˙CO2, and PETCO2 are the most commonly used clinical parameters for diagnostic and prognostic information [8], [15]. Peak V˙O2 is reduced in patients with higher total pulmonary vascular resistance and lower cardiac index and is highly correlated with the amount of functional pulmonary vascular bed [23]. However, it is strongly influenced by the patients' motivation and supervisors' subjective choice of ending test. In searching for more objective, reliable sub-maximal variables, anaerobic threshold (AT) has been tested. Although AT is significantly correlated with peak V˙O2 [24], it is often not easy to identify, as was the case with 5 of our patients. The AT is also subject to substantial inter-observer and intra-observer variability [25]. Recently, the values of V˙E/V˙CO2 during moderate exercise have been demonstrated as diagnostic and prognostic values in heart failure patients [26].The mechanism responsible for elevated V˙E/V˙CO2 in IPAH patients is considered to be multifactorial. In normal subjects, the ventilatory response (V˙E) is approximately linear with the CO2 output (V˙CO2) during exercise before ventilatory compensation point [22]. In IPAH patients, elevated V˙E/V˙CO2 levels manifest that the ventilation of underperfused alveoli causes an increase in dead space ventilation [4]. Increased V˙E/V˙CO2 levels have also been significantly correlated with decreased cardiac output, elevated pulmonary arterial pressures, decreased alveolar-capillary membrane conductance, and diminished heart rate variability [27]–[29]. In patients with severe IPAH, the V˙E/V˙CO2 ratio correlates significantly with pulmonary vascular resistance but not with mean pulmonary arterial pressure or cardiac index [30]. Additionally, both resting and peak exercise PETCO2 values have prognostic value in patients with heart failure [31]–[32]. However PETCO2 values are susceptible to multiple factors such as acute hyperventilation, increased dead space (due to emphysema or other lung diseases), or rapid shallow breathing patterns, all of which will reduce the PETCO2 independently of cardiac function [3]. Compared with all of the above CPET variables, the analysis of OUE has been limited, especially in patients with IPAH.

Neither OUES nor OUEP is included in the traditional 9-panel plots [9]. However, they can be measured noninvasively without additional patient effort [4]–[6]. The OUE may have important prognostic value in exercise physiology in patients with chronic heart failure [15], [33]. Davies et al[33] assessed OUES in 243 patients with chronic heart failure and found that only OUES was identified as the sole significant independent prognostic variable in a multivariable model, compared with standard exercise variables. We calculated reference values for OUEP and found that OUEP was the best predictor of mortality (P<0.0001) in a study of patients with left heart failure, better than OUES or any other CPET variables. When combined with oscillatory breathing, the odds ratio for death in 6 months increased to 56.3[14]–[15].

The OUE during exercise in normal subjects is mainly impacted by several factors including cardiac output; alveolar and dead space ventilation; and the matching of the changes in cardiac output and pulmonary blood flow with the increase in alveolar ventilation [14]. We postulate that decreased OUE during CPET in IPAH patients in our present study might be due to an abnormally high pulmonary vascular resistance, leading to the greater right ventricular afterload and reducing cardiac output as well as pulmonary blood flow. The highest OUE usually occurs near AT in normal subjects, because at that time ventilation is often most efficient and matching of perfusion to ventilation is optimal. However, in IPAH patients the volume of pulmonary capillary bed is reduced and the distal pulmonary arteries lose their ability to dilate during exercise. The lower ratio of V˙O2 to V˙E during CPET may be predominantly attributed to the inability to improve ventilation/perfusion match and distribution of blood flow to the metabolizing muscles for IPAH patients. Furthermore, we found that OUEP was sub-maximal exercise parameter, better than the OUES, and did not require maximal exertion, so the OUEP might be more fitted for IPAH patients unable to perform maximal exercise test. As shown in figure 2 and Table 3 in our present study, the OUEP was relatively easier to visualize, recognize, calculate and had less variability than OUES. Our study demonstrated that OUEP %pred was correlated negatively with NYHA functional class (r = −0.724, P<0.005), TPVR (r = −0.694, P<0.005), and lowest V˙E/V˙CO2 (r = −0.902, P<0.0001) and positively with DLco %pred (r = 0.577, P<0.05) and peak PETCO2 (r = 0.68, P<0.005). In contrast, the OUES did not significantly correlate with above parameters. We also demonstrated that OUEP had less variability and higher predictability than OUES for normal subjects regardless of the age, gender, or height[14].

Recently,we were the first one to investigate the full exercise response pattern, exercise physiology and predictions of oxygen uptake efficiency (OUE, i.e. V˙O2/V˙E, ml/L) and ventilatory efficiency of carbon dioxide elimination (V˙E/V˙CO2), their key measurements OUEP and the lowest V˙E/V˙CO2, in normal subjects[14], [22] and described their pathophysiological evidence and prognostic importance of early death, specifically as %pred, in patients with left ventricular heart failure[14]–[16]. We also identified that oscillatory breathing did not interfere with measurements of OUEP, OUE@AT, lowest V˙E/V˙CO2 and V˙E/V˙CO2@AT. However, the OUE response during exercise and the OUEP and OUE@AT were not investigated for IPAH patients. As shown in Figure 3 in our present study, both OUE and V˙E/V˙CO2 abnormalities indicate lower ventilatory efficiency of oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide elimination in IPAH patients. They result from the compensative over driven hyperventilation in order to maintain the required metabolic rate of V˙O2 and V˙CO2 mainly due to the limitation of blood flow perfusion, i.e. Q/VA mismatch. This is a similar mechanism as we previously described in patients with left ventricular heart failure and IPAH[4], [6], [14]–[16]. This gas exchange pathophysiology is more clear and easy understanding after we created the new theoretical system of “Holistic Integrative Physiology and Medicine”, which demonstrates the intra-coupling pulmonary and cardiovascular systems for the maintenance of metabolic homeostasis in whole body, and gas exchange measurement of CPET is one typical clinical example[34]–[35]. V˙E can be performed by lungs only, but V˙O2 and V˙CO2 gas exchange needs lung-heart to work in coordination. In primary cardiovascular diseases without the malfunction of other systems, the heart function is limited (as lower V˙O2) and the lungs will compensate with hyperventilation (as higher V˙E). Therefore in this regard, the OUEP may be advantageous in evaluating cardiovascular function and gas exchange abnormality for patients with IPAH.

Study Limitations

It is a single center study with smaller sample size; a higher ratio of female distribution (F20/M12). So we plan to do a future investigation to retrospectively and prospectively analyze all IPAH patients from our center.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the OUEP, which can be calculated from retrospective data could offers a new, objective and effort-independent method for evaluating the gas exchange abnormality in patients with IPAH.

Acknowledgments

The authors thank Hai-Jian Liu and Shu-Juan Chen for invaluable support and collaboration in this study. The authors thank Dr. James E. Hansen at Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA for his generous and professional editing.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: JML XGS WLY XYT. Performed the experiments: XYT WLY JG YZ CWW RS SP SGG. Analyzed the data: JML XGS XYT. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: JML XGS. Wrote the paper: JML XYT JG XGS.

Citation: Tan X, Yang W, Guo J, Zhang Y, Wu C, Sapkota R, et al. (2014) Usefulness of Decrease in Oxygen Uptake Efficiency to Identify Gas Exchange Abnormality in Patients with Idiopathic Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. PLoS ONE 9(6): e98889. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0098889

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