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Fei-Peng Yu 1 and Sin-Liang Ou 1 and Pin-Chuan Yao 2 and Bing-Rui Wu 1 and Dong-Sing Wuu 1,2
Academic Editor:Sheng-Po Chang
1, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, 250 Kuo Kuang Road, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
2, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Da-Yeh University, Changhua 51591, Taiwan
Received 13 December 2013; Revised 8 March 2014; Accepted 10 March 2014; 31 March 2014
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
1. Introduction
Zinc sulfide (ZnS) is a II-VI compound semiconductor with a wide direct band gap ( E g = 3.6~3.8 eV). Moreover, ZnS has the high refractive index (2.35 at 632 nm) and high dielectric constant (9 at 1 MHz) [1]. As a result, it can be widely applied in the optoelectronic applications consisting of light emitting diodes with short wavelength, electroluminescent devices, and solar cells. For the photovoltaic applications, ZnS thin film is also transparent in all wavelengths of solar spectrum and has high absorption for the wavelength below 520 nm as compared to CdS. Many techniques including sputtering [2], molecular beam epitaxy [3], pulsed laser deposition [4], chemical vapor deposition [5], successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction [6], spray pyrolysis [7], and chemical bath deposition (CBD) [1, 8] have been proposed to fabricate the ZnS thin films. Among these methods, CBD is most attractive because it can be employed as the large-area growth without vapor deposition related to physical techniques and free of some inherent problems associated with high temperature fabrication [9].
For the ZnS growth by CBD process, a soluble salt of Zn ion and nonmetallic S source compound dissolved in an aqueous solution is required, reacting by the following equation: Z n 2 + + S 2 - [arrow right] ZnS , K sp = 10 - 24.7 [10]. Owing to the low solubility product of Zn2+ and S2- , ZnS precipitation will take place rapidly at very low concentration (homogeneous process), which results in the loose structure and poor transmittance in the thin film. However, the ZnS thin film with good uniformity and high transmittance can be achieved using the complex agents, such as trisodium citrate, ethylenediamine, and nitrilotriacetate (heterogeneous process). With the assistance of complex agents, the metal ions and negative ions were released slowly and then reacted to form the compound. The process is used to avoid the fast precipitation of the compound in the solution [11]. Moreover, the use of hydrazine hydrate as second ligand in the process can also enhance the homogeneity and adhesion of the film and increase the growth rate [9].
Up to now, the CBD-ZnS films are always formed by using Zn-contained and S-contained solutions, which have the similar molar concentration to each other. For example, as the concentration of Zn-contained solution was fixed, the same or 2-10 times concentration of S-contained solution was used in the CBD process. However, there are very few researches on the CBD-ZnS films by these two solutions with large difference in concentration.
In this study, the CBD technique was performed to prepare the ZnS films. By modifying the Zn/S molar ratio from 1/50 to 1/150, the S-contained solutions with much higher concentrations than that of Zn-contained solution were employed to form the ZnS films. This could be expected that more nucleation sites will appear during the CBD process for the formation of ZnS clusters. As a result, the quality of ZnS film will be better and the growth rate can be increased. The morphology, chemical bonding states, and structural and optical properties of these ZnS films have been investigated in detail.
2. Experimental Procedure
In our work, ZnS thin films were prepared on the glass and Si substrates by CBD method. The substrates were cleaned ultrasonically by detergent solution, acetone, and deionized water, respectively, to ensure the complete cleanness. For the CBD process, the aqueous solutions of zinc sulfate (ZnSO4 ) and thiourea (SC(NH2 )2 ) were used to grow the ZnS films. The concentration of ZnSO4 solution was fixed at 1.4 × 10-3 M, and the concentration of SC(NH2 )2 solution was increased from 0.07 to 0.21 M, leading to the precursors with various Zn/S molar ratios from 1/50 to 1/150 in the mixed solution. The ZnS films prepared using the precursors with various Zn/S molar ratios of 1/50, 1/75, 1/100, 1/125, and 1/150 are denoted as samples A, B, C, D, and E, corresponding to the used SC(NH2 )2 concentrations of 0.07, 0.105, 0.14, 0.175, and 0.21 M, respectively. Firstly, the 100 mL of 1.4 × 10-3 M ZnSO4 and 26 mL of 28%-30% NH4 OH were mixed in a glass beaker by stirring for 10 min to form a stable complex with zinc ions. Next, the SC(NH2 )2 with desired concentration was added to a 6 mL 98+% hydrazine hydrate in another beaker by stirring for 10 min. Then, these two solutions were poured into a glass tank and placed on a hotplate stirrer. For the films growth, the substrates were vertically immersed in the solution, and the reaction temperature was maintained at 85°C. The substrates were taken out after 2 hours and followed by cleaning them with deionized water.
The crystal structures of ZnS films were examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD, PANalytical, X'Pert Pro MRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM, JEOL JEM-2100F). The Cu K α line (λ = 1.541874 Å) was applied for the source and Ge (220) was employed as the monochromator for XRD. The films morphology was investigated by a scanning electron microscopy (SEM, JEOL JSM-6700F). The transmittance spectra of the films were determined by the UV-Vis spectroscopy (UV-3101PC, Shimadzu). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS, ULVAC-PHIPHI 5000) was used to analyze the film composition. Moreover, the existences of oxygen and carbon formed in the CBD process were also detected by XPS. The Al K α (1486.7 eV) radiation was applied for the excitation source. The chemical bonding states of ZnS films were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR, DA8.3, Bomem Inc.) using grazing incident angle reflectance method.
3. Results and Discussion
Generally, the crystal structures of ZnS exist in two forms, that is, the cubic (zincblende) and hexagonal (wurtzite) phases. The cubic ZnS is stable at room temperature, while the hexagonal ZnS is formed as the temperature is above 1020°C [12]. Figure 1 shows the results of XRD θ -2θ scan for samples A-E with increasing 2θ from 20° to 60°. As the ZnS films deposited using the precursors with Zn/S molar ratio of 1/100-1/150 (samples C, D and E), no obvious diffraction peak can be found except for a broad hump appeared in the 2θ range of 20-35°, indicating the amorphous phase was formed in these films. For the CBD process at Zn/S molar ratio of 1/50-1/75, only one diffraction peak around 2θ = 28.5° with low intensity appeared in these two spectra, which can be related to the cubic ZnS with (111) plane. Some reports have been proposed to demonstrate the ZnS grown by CBD method using ZnSO4 or ZnCl2 as precursors possessed the cubic structure [13, 14]. As a result, the peak appeared in our result ought to belong to the cubic structure because of the low temperature process and the ZnSO4 precursor used in the chemical reaction. As well known, the film thickness is an important factor for the determination of crystalline structure in the film. According to our SEM results (as shown in below), the samples A and B both possessed a very thin thickness less than 70 nm. As a result, there is no diffraction peak indexed to cubic or hexagonal ZnS phase in these two films except for the (111) plane. Although the hexagonal ZnS could present the better optical and electrical properties than those of cubic ZnS, the hexagonal ZnS is relatively difficult to prepare. According to Gilbert et al. research [12], the high temperature (above 1020°C) process was performed to fabricate the hexagonal ZnS bulk material. In fact, the CBD-ZnS films were usually prepared at low temperature (from room temperature to 90°C). It indicates that the high temperature process is unsuitable for the preparation of ZnS film by using CBD method. Additionally, the hexagonal phase may be formed by performing the postannealing process to ZnS sample at high temperature. Nevertheless, based on previous research [15], the annealing process would induce the significant reduction in the optical transmittance of CBD-ZnS film, lowering the feasibility for the photovoltaic applications. On the other hand, although no characteristic peaks induced by the Zn(OH)2 or ZnO phase were detected in our result, these compounds were formed in the films by analyzing the bonding states in XPS measurements, as exhibited in the following discussion.
Figure 1: XRD patterns of samples A-E on glass substrates.
[figure omitted; refer to PDF]
Figure 2(a) displays the high-resolution TEM image of sample B to check the formation of crystalline structure in ZnS films. It can be seen that there were some grains with uniform spherical shape in the image (marked by the blue arrows), and the size was measured to be about 8-10 nm. This indicates the nanocrystalline structure was indeed existed in the film. In addition, the presence of nanocrystal grains without aggregation supported the XRD peak with low intensity presented in Figure 1. Moreover, we observed the d -spacing clearly appeared in the grains. From our calculation, these grains all have the similar d -spacing value about 3.14 Å, which can be indexed to the (111) plane of cubic ZnS. It is in good agreement with the XRD result. Except for the XRD and high-resolution TEM measurements, the electron diffraction pattern was also used to further analyze the phase of ZnS film (sample B). As shown in Figure 2(b), it indicates that the ZnS film possesses polycrystalline nature with the cubic phase, and the diffraction pattern rings are identified to ZnS (111) and ZnS (220).
(a) High-resolution TEM bright field photograph and (b) electron diffraction pattern of sample B.
(a) [figure omitted; refer to PDF]
(b) [figure omitted; refer to PDF]
Figures 3(a)-3(e) show the plain-view SEM images of ZnS films with various reaction conditions (samples A-E). It was found that there were many voids in sample A, and the voids were reduced with increasing the SC(NH2 )2 concentration, indicating that a denser structure on surface appeared in the ZnS films prepared using the precursors with Zn/S molar ratio of 1/75-1/150. These surface states strongly influence the optical properties of ZnS film consisting of transmittance, absorbance, and reflection. Moreover, it is worth mentioning that the discontinuous film was emerged in sample A, revealing the aggregation of grains did not form the film in such reaction condition. This could lead to a leakage current as the ZnS film is used as the buffer layer for cell device. Except for sample A, the coalescence of grains was improved in the other samples (B-E), and the good adhesion of these films to the glass substrates was also observed. Cross-sectional SEM images indicate that the thicknesses of sample A, B, C, D, and E are measured to be 92, 63, 60, 61, and 59 nm, respectively, as shown in Figures 3(f)-3(j). Obviously, at Zn/S molar ratio of 1/50 in the CBD process, the ZnS film has higher growth rate than the others. Besides, at Zn/S molar ratio of 1/75-1/150, the ZnS films have the similar growth rate to each other. This is because the ZnS films with Zn/S molar ratio of 1/75~1/150 all possess the dense structure (observed by SEM). The adhesion of CBD-ZnS film to the substrate is also an important factor for the photovoltaic applications. Based on our results, the adhesion of CBD-ZnS film to the substrate became worse as the Zn/S molar ratio was decreased. Actually, in this study, the adhesions of these ZnS films are good enough to use in the photovoltaic applications, even for the ZnS film with a lower Zn/S molar ratio of 1/150. However, further decreasing the Zn/S molar ratio to 1/200 and 1/300, these two ZnS films possessed very poor adhesion, which were unsuitable for the fabrication of optoelectronic devices. Besides, as the Zn/S molar ratio was reduced to 1/200 and 1/300, it would result in a lot of Zn(OH)2 formation in the ZnS sample. The excessive Zn(OH)2 formation can decrease the optical transmittance of ZnS film, causing the degradation in the device performance.
Figure 3: ((a)-(e)) Plane-view SEM images and ((f)-(j)) cross-sectional SEM images of samples A-E.
[figure omitted; refer to PDF]
Figure 4(a) shows the transmittance spectra of samples A-E recorded in a wavelength range of 200-1000 nm. We can observe that the sample A has a lower transmittance than that of samples B-E in the spectral range of 350-1000 nm. For the ZnS films deposited using the precursors with Zn/S molar ratio of 1/75-1/150 (samples B-E), it can be found that the transmittance is higher than 75% when the wavelength is larger than 360 nm and reaches at a maximum value about 88%. According to the results of film adhesion and optical transmittance, it indicates that the ZnS film with Zn/S molar ratio of 1/75 is most suitable for use in the buffer layer of solar energy device. On the other hand, all ZnS films exhibit the clear absorption edges near 310-320 nm. From the Beer-Lambert law [16], the absorption coefficient (α ) can be obtained by the following equation: [figure omitted; refer to PDF] where t is the film thickness and T the optical transmittance. Because ZnS belongs to the direct band gap semiconductor, the relationship between α and incident photon energy ( h v ) is represented as [17] [figure omitted; refer to PDF] where A is the constant and E g the band gap of semiconductor. In the curve of α 2 versus h v , the band gap is determined by extrapolating the linear region near the onset, as shown in Figure 4(b). The band gaps of these samples are about 3.85-3.86 eV, which agree well with that of ZnS single crystal.
(a) Transmittance spectra with the measured wavelength ranging from 200 to 1000 nm and (b) the plots of ( α hv )2 versus photon energy for samples A-E.
(a) [figure omitted; refer to PDF]
(b) [figure omitted; refer to PDF]
During the growth process of CBD-ZnS, not only the Zn and S were found in the film, but also the elements of O and C appeared. Actually, there were probably a lot of oxygen existed in the ZnS layer via the formations of ZnO and Zn(OH)2 by the following chemical reactions: [figure omitted; refer to PDF] On the other hand, the carbon in ZnS films could be resulted from the initial precursor of thiourea. According to the past research [18], it demonstrated that some amount of ZnO and Zn(OH)2 in the ZnS buffer was required, which can provide a good junction to the cell and create an efficient device. As a result, the XPS measurements were performed to check the existence of ZnO or Zn(OH)2 in these ZnS films prepared using the precursors with various Zn/S molar ratios. Figures 5(a)-5(e) display the XPS results of O1s spectra for the samples A-E. All XPS spectra of the ZnS films were fitted well with Gaussian functions. The fitting results revealed that the O1s peaks centered at 531.3-531.8 eV, which was deconvoluted into three Gaussian peaks centered at 530.3 eV (Zn(OH)2 ), 531.4 eV (ZnO), and 533.3 eV (C-O bond), respectively. Based on the quantitative analyses, we found only very few C-O bonds were formed in the ZnS films. It proved that the main formations of ZnS, Zn(OH)2 , and ZnO were included in these films, leading to the assistance for cell device performance. On the other hand, it can be observed that the peak positions of O1s were 531.8, 531.5, 531.4, 531.3, and 531.3 eV, respectively, as the ZnS films were prepared using the precursors with Zn/S molar ratios of 1/50, 1/75, 1/100, 1/125, and 1/150. It is well known that the peak position of O1s can be used to determine the amount of oxygen atoms in the film. From our results, a shift of O1s binding energy in the direction toward lower energy side was found with decreasing the Zn/S molar ratio in the precursor, which indicated that the number of oxygen atom in the ZnS film was decreased. Obviously, the lower the Zn/S molar ratio in precursor, the more the ZnS nucleation could be. This will induce the less Zn atoms provided for oxygen atoms to form the ZnO compound, resulting in the reduction of oxygen content in the ZnS film.
((a)-(e)) XPS spectra of O1s core level for samples A-E.
(a) [figure omitted; refer to PDF]
(b) [figure omitted; refer to PDF]
(c) [figure omitted; refer to PDF]
(d) [figure omitted; refer to PDF]
(e) [figure omitted; refer to PDF]
To investigate the chemical bonding states of these films, the FTIR analyses in a transmittance mode were applied for ZnS films grown on the Si substrates with high resistance. Figure 6 shows the FTIR spectra measured for samples A-E. The absorption band located at 615 cm-1 can be attributed to the formation of ZnS phase [19]. Due to the choice of Si substrate, it caused the weak peak at 799.5 cm-1 related to the Si-O bond. The absorption band appeared at 1086 cm-1 was resulted from the Zn-OH vibrations. The band at 1600 cm-1 and broad peak in the region of 3000-3600 cm-1 were induced by the stretching and bending vibrations of hydroxyl groups, respectively, indicating that the ZnS could absorb the water on the film surface during the CBD process [20]. Moreover, the band at 2926 cm-1 can be ascribed to the C-H stretching vibrations [21]. Because the corresponded wavenumber of Zn-O bond is outside the measured range, there is no Zn-O peak formed in the FTIR spectra. Based on the FTIR results, it proves the ZnS phase is certainly formed in these films. Furthermore, the oxygen and carbon are also found in these films by FTIR measurement. This agrees with the result from XPS spectra, as displayed in Figure 5.
Figure 6: FTIR spectra using a transmittance mode for samples A-E.
[figure omitted; refer to PDF]
4. Conclusion
In summary, the technique of chemical bah deposition was performed to grow the ZnS thin films. As the concentration of ZnSO4 solution was fixed, the Zn/S molar ratio of precursor was varied from 1/50 to 1/150 by changing the concentration of SC(NH2 )2 solution. The ZnS, ZnO, and Zn(OH)2 were all found in these films. Because of the surface absorption of water in the films growth, it leaded to the formations of ZnO and Zn(OH)2 . At the Zn/S molar ratio of 1/75-1/150, the ZnS films presented a high transmittance of 75-88% in the range of visible wavelength (360-1000 nm), and their optical band gaps were measured to be about 3.85-3.86 eV. Based on the results of film adhesion and optical transmittance, it reveals that the ZnS film with Zn/S molar ratio of 1/75 is most suitable as the buffer layers in the photovoltaic device.
Acknowledgment
This research was supported by the National Science Council of Taiwan, Republic of China, under Contract no. NSC 99-2221-E-005-101-MY3.
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.
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Copyright © 2014 Fei-Peng Yu et al. Fei-Peng Yu et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
In this study, ZnS thin films were prepared on glass substrates by chemical bath deposition at various Zn/S molar ratios from 1/50 to 1/150. The effects of Zn/S molar ratio in precursor on the characteristics of ZnS films were demonstrated by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, optical transmittance, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry. It was found that more voids were formed in the ZnS film prepared using the precursor with Zn/S molar ratio of 1/50, and the other ZnS films showed the denser structure as the molar ratio was decreased from 1/75 to 1/150. From the analyses of chemical bonding states, the ZnS phase was indeed formed in these films. Moreover, the ZnO and Zn(OH)2 also appeared due to the water absorption on film surface during deposition. This would be helpful to the junction in cell device. With changing the Zn/S molar ratio from 1/75 to 1/150, the ZnS films demonstrate high transmittance of 75-88% in the visible region, indicating the films are potentially useful in photovoltaic applications.
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