Third-Order Nonlinear Optical Behavior of Novel Polythiophene Derivatives Functionalized with Disperse Red 19 Chromophore

Abstract

Two copolymers of 3-alkylthiophene (alkyl = hexyl, octyl) and a thiophene functionalized with disperse red 19 (TDR19) as chromophore side chain were synthesized by oxidative polymerization. The synthetic procedure was easy to perform, cost-effective, and highly versatile. The molecular structure, molecular weight distribution, film morphology, and optical and thermal properties of these polythiophene derivatives were determined by NMR, FT-IR, UV-Vis GPC, DSC-TGA, and AFM. The third-order nonlinear optical response of these materials was performed with nanosecond and femtosecond laser pulses by using the third-harmonic generation (THG) and Z-scan techniques at infrared wavelengths of 1300 and 800 nm, respectively. From these experiments it was observed that although the TRD19 incorporation into the side chain of the copolymers was lower than 5%, it was sufficient to increase their nonlinear response in solid state. For instance, the third-order nonlinear electric susceptibility ([superscript]χ(3)[/superscript] ) of solid thin films made of these copolymers exhibited an increment of nearly 60% when TDR19 incorporation increased from 3% to 5%. In solution, the copolymers exhibited similar two-photon absorption cross sections [subscript]σ2PA[/subscript] with a maximum value of 8545 GM and 233 GM (1 GM = 10-50 cm4 s) per repeated monomeric unit.

Marilú Chavez-Castillo 1 and Arelis Ledesma-Juarez 1 and Marisol Güizado-Rodriguez 1 and Jesús Castrellon-Uribe 1 and Gabriel Ramos-Ortiz 2 and Mario Rodriguez 2 and Jose-Luis Maldonado 2 and Jorge-Antonio Guerrero-Álvarez 3 and Victor Barba 3

Academic Editor:Qijin Zhang

1, Centro de Investigacion en Ingenieria y Ciencias Aplicadas (CIICAp), Universidad Autonoma del Estado de Morelos (UAEM), Avenida Universidad No. 1001, Colonia Chamilpa, 62209 Cuernavaca, MOR, Mexico
2, Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica, A.P. 1-948, 37000 Leon, GTO, Mexico
3, Centro de Investigaciones Quimicas (CIQ), Universidad Autonoma del Estado de Morelos (UAEM), Avenida Universidad No. 1001, Colonia Chamilpa, 62209 Cuernavaca, MOR, Mexico

Received 5 November 2014; Accepted 12 March 2015; 23 April 2015

This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

1. Introduction

Synthesis, characterization, and applications of polythiophene (PT) derivatives are nowadays subjects of intense research [1-4]. PT derivatives have interesting physicochemical properties as good conductivity, nonlinear optical (NLO) response, photoluminescence (PL), high electrooptical activity, chemical and environmental stability, easy synthesis, and structural versatility. For these reasons, PT have been utilized in a broad spectrum of applications such as optical-chemical or electrochemical sensors [5, 6], organic solar cells [3, 7], optoelectronic devices for telecommunications and optical information processing [8], electro-optic modulators [9], field-effect transistors [10], light-emitting diodes [11, 12], nanotechnology [13], and imaging labels in biological applications [14].

It is well known that the introduction of alkyl groups longer than butyl into the 3-position of the thiophene unit yields moderate to high molecular weight materials soluble in common organic solvents. The length of the alkyl side group affects melting point, solubility, and conductivity of the polymeric compound. Moreover, the presence of various substituents in 3- and/or 4-positions of the thiophene ring results in new materials which combine the physical properties of the polyconjugated backbone and the substituent group. For instance, a push-pull chromophore as a side group in the conjugated backbone enhanced charge-transfer properties and second-order NLO responses of a polythiophene [15-30]. The third-order NLO response in PT and other conjugated polymers has been also reported although less extensively in comparison with the second-order one, by using different techniques such as electroabsorption and [figure omitted; refer to PDF] -scan [31, 32].

In addition, azobenzene chromophores are a category of materials with very interesting chemical/optical properties [33]. They can exist in two isomeric forms (trans and cis ), while the ratio of these two isomers can be modified by proper irradiation and detected through changes in their absorption spectra. Moreover, photoinduced birefringence, dichroism, and two-photon absorption processes can also take place in such systems. Because of its interesting properties the azobenzene is promising candidate for applications like optical data storage, surface relief gratings, photoswitching, alignment of liquid crystals, optical elements, and so forth [34, 35].

Among the wide range of azobenzene derivatives, dispersed red 1 (DR1) and dispersed red 19 (DR19) have been widely investigated because of their second-order and third-order nonlinear optical properties [36-40]. These azobenzene chromophores have been also utilized as side groups to combine their properties with those from polymers. For instance, a novel poly(urethane-imide) containing DR19 was synthesized obtaining excellent heat-resistance and a high third-order nonlinear property [41].

Herein, we report the oxidative polymerization and physic-chemical characterization of copolymers derived from 3-alkylthiophenes (alkyl = hexyl and octyl) and a thiophene monomer functionalized with DR19 chromophore. This NLO chromophore was attached to 3-thiopheneacetic acid by an esterification reaction. The photoluminescence properties were studied in solution with UV excitation (365 nm), while the third-order nonlinear optical response of these PT derivatives was evaluated with nanosecond and femtosecond laser pulses using THG Maker-fringes and [figure omitted; refer to PDF] -scan techniques at infrared wavelengths of 1300 and 800 nm, respectively. A comparison of the nonlinearities exhibited by these novels PT and those measured in solution and solid state for other family of polymers recently reported is discussed.

2. Experimental

2.1. Materials and Equipment

Polymers syntheses were performed under nitrogen atmosphere, using conventional Schlenk techniques. Chloroform and nitromethane solvents were dried by distillation from CaCl₂ or MgSO₄ anhydrous. Compounds 3-hexylthiophene, 3-HT (≥99%) and 3-octylthiophene, 3-OT (97%), 3-thiopheneacetic acid (98%), disperse red 19 (95%), N ,N [variant prime]-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (99%), 4-(dimethylamino) pyridine (≥98%), and iron (III) chloride (97%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Solvents employed for the synthesis and purification process were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich and Fermont. NMR studies were carried out using a Varian Mercury 200 MHz and Varian Inova 400 MHz instruments. Polymers were dissolved in CDCl₃ (ca. 5-10 mg of polymer in 0.5 mL) in 5 mm (o.d.) tubes and measured at 25°C with TMS as internal standard. Chemical shifts are stated in parts per million. IR spectra were obtained from Perkin Elmer Spectrum 400 spectrophotometer (ATR reflectance mode) in the 4000-400 cm^-1 range. Mass spectra were recorded using a Mass Spectrometer High Resolution JMS700-JEOL. The molecular weights of the samples were measured by gel permeation chromatography (GPC, Alliance 2695; eluent, THF; temperature, 30°C; injection volume, 25 μ L; 2 linear PLgel columns; UV detector) calibrated with 580 to 3,250,000 monodispersed polystyrene standards. Thermal stability measurements were carried out on a SDT Q600 V8.2 Build 100 thermogravimetric analyzer under a nitrogen flow (50 mL/min), mode: DSC-TGA Standard, with sapphire as calibration material and an alumina crucible. The equipment program used was Universal V4.2E. Absorption spectra were obtained with a spectrophotometer Perkin-Elmer Lambda 900 UV/Vis/NIR with double beam. The photoluminescence spectra were recorded using a spectrometer (Ocean Optics, Dunedin, Florida, USA). The morphology of polymeric films was measured by AFM nanoscope IV multimode scanning probe microscope and nanosurf easy scope version 1.0.0.

2.2. Synthesis of Monomer ((4-((4-Nitrophenyl)diazenyl)phenyl)azanediyl)bis(ethane-2,1-diyl) Bis(2-(thiophen-3-yl)acetate), TDR19

In a flask ball, 0.88 g (6.06 mmol) of thiopheneacetic acid, 1.27 g (6.09 mmol) of dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC), and 0.098 g (0.79 mmol) of dimethylamine pyridine (DMAP) were incorporated, after that 100 mL of dichloromethane was added. The reaction system was magnetically stirred and maintained under anhydrous conditions for 30 min to 25°C. The mixture took on a light orange color, after a solution of 1.05 g (3.03 mmol) of red disperse 19 was added. The reaction was left under stirring for 24 h. The product obtained was purified by the silica gel column chromatography using a mixture of 50/50 (hexane/ethyl acetate); the solutions were concentrated using a rotary evaporator under vacuum. This reaction gave the monomer TDR1. The product was a solid red color 0.56 g, yield = 32.1%. ¹ H NMR (CDCl₃ , 400 MHz): δ = 8.32 (d, 2H, H₂₀ ), 7.92 (d, 2H, H₁₉ ), 7.89 (d, 2H, H₁₄ ), 7.27 (dd, 2H, H₅ ), 7.11 (m, 2H, H₂ ), 6.99 (dd, 2H, H₄ ), 6.80 (d, 2H, H₁₃ ), 4.29 (t, 4H, H₉ ), 3.64 (s, 4H, H₆ ), 3.63 (t, 4H, H₁₀ ). ³ J ( [figure omitted; refer to PDF] ) = 7.6 Hz, ³ J ( [figure omitted; refer to PDF] ) = 8.8 Hz, ³ J ( [figure omitted; refer to PDF] ) = 5.0 Hz, ³ J ( [figure omitted; refer to PDF] ) = 6.0 Hz. ¹³ C NMR (CDCl₃ , 400 MHz): δ = 171.1 (C₇ ), 156.8 (C₁₈ ), 151.1 (C₁₂ ), 147.9 (C₂₁ ), 144.5 (C₁₅ ), 133.3 (C₃ ), 128.6 (C₄ ), 126.3 (C₁₄ ), 126.2 (C₅ ), 124.9 (C₂₀ ), 123.3 (C₂ ), 123.0 (C₁₉ ), 111.9 (C₁₃ ), 62.8 (C₉ ), 49.6 (C₁₀ ), 35.9 (C₆ ). FT-IR (ν cm^-1 ): C-H_st (2920 cm^-1 , 2852 cm^-1 ), C=O_st (1731 cm^-1 ), C=C_st (1599 cm^-1 ), [figure omitted; refer to PDF] (1512 cm^-1 ), [figure omitted; refer to PDF] (1331 cm^-1 ), C-O_st (1128 cm^-1 ), C-S_st (723 cm^-1 , 684 cm^-1 ). MS (m/z ) = 578 [M⁺ ] 579 [M⁺¹ ]. Mass spectroscopy high resolution, (m/z ) = 579.1377 corresponding to C₂₈ H₂₇ N₄ O₆ S₂ .

2.3. Synthesis of Copolymers

2.3.1. Synthesis of Copolymer of 3-Hexylthiophene (3-HT) and TDR19, P1

In a typical preparation, a solution containing 2.91 g (17.40 mmol) of FeCl₃ in 40 mL of chloroform and 10 mL of nitromethane was placed into the reactor cooled to 0°C. Then, a solution of 1.30 g (2.24 mmol) of monomer TDR19 in 20 mL of chloroform was added in one portion. In the next step a solution of 1.08 g, 1.14 mL (6.35 mmol) of 3-hexylthiophene in 40 mL chloroform was added dropwise. The polymerization was left at room temperature with constant stirring and was terminated by addition of 200 mL of methanol. The precipitated polymer was then separated and washed repeatedly with methanol. Since the crude polymer is partially doped, it was treated with a mixture of NH₃ (aq)/MeOH, 200 mL for 1 h order to remove the excess of FeCl₃ . The neutral polymer was purified with chloroform in a soxhlet apparatus and dried to constant mass, obtaining 0.86 g (22%) of a soluble part and 1.47 g (38%) of insoluble material. ¹ H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃ ), 3-HT signals: δ = 6.98 ( [figure omitted; refer to PDF] ), 2.56, 2.80 (H_α ), 0.91-1.69 (H_aliphatic ). TDR19 signals: δ = 8.30 (H₂₀ ), 7.87 (H₁₉ ), 7.80 (H₁₄ ), 6.98 (H₄ ), 6.75 (H₁₃ ), 4.37 (H₉ ), 3.69 (H₆ , H₁₀ ). FT-IR (ν cm^-1 ): C-H_st (2920, 2860 cm^-1 ), C=O_st (1738 cm^-1 ), C=C_st (1599 cm^-1 ), N=N_st (1512 cm^-1 ), [figure omitted; refer to PDF] (1460 cm^-1 ), [figure omitted; refer to PDF] (1333 cm^-1 ), C-O_st (1100 cm^-1 ), C-S_st (706 cm^-1 ).

2.3.2. Synthesis of Copolymer of 3-Octylthiophene (3-OT) and TDR19, P2

This copolymer was synthesized using the same synthetic procedure as for P1. A solution containing 5.34 g (31.69 mmol) of FeCl₃ in 70 mL of chloroform and 20 mL of nitromethane was placed into the reactor cooled to 0°C. Then a solution of 0.50 g (0.86 mmol) of monomer TDR19 in 20 mL of chloroform was added in one portion. Later, a solution of 1.40 g, 1.52 mL (6.92 mmol) of 3-octylthiophene in 40 mL chloroform was added dropwise. The polymerization was left at room temperature with constant stirring for 24 h and was purified in the same manner as the above procedure, obtaining 0.23 g (10%) of a soluble part and 1.22 g (43%) of insoluble copolymer. ¹ H NMR (200 MHz, CDCl₃ ), 3-OT signals: δ = 6.98, 6.95, 6.93, 6.91 ( [figure omitted; refer to PDF] ), 2.48, 2.72 ( [figure omitted; refer to PDF] ), 0.80-1.62 (H_aliphatic ). TDR19 signals: δ = 8.26 (H₂₀ ), 7.86 (H₁₉ ), 7.83 (H₁₄ ), 6.80 (H₄ ), 6.70 (H₁₃ ), 4.30 (H₉ ), 3.60 (H₆ , H₁₀ ). FT-IR ν (cm^-1 ): C-H_st (2954, 2921, 2852 cm^-1 ), C=O_st (1740 cm^-1 ), C=C_st (1652 cm^-1 ), N=N_st (1511 cm^-1 ), [figure omitted; refer to PDF] (1456 cm^-1 ), [figure omitted; refer to PDF] (1339 cm^-1 ), C-O_st (1138 cm^-1 ), C-S_st (721 cm^-1 ).

Chemical structures of P1 and P2 are shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1: Structure of copolymers P1 and P2.

[figure omitted; refer to PDF]

2.4. Third-Harmonic Generation (THG) Experiment

Cubic nonlinearities were studied in solid state (solid films). Polymers were dissolved in tetrahydrofuran and thin films were then deposited on fused silica substrates (1 mm thick) by using the spin coating technique. Films with good optical quality showing negligible light scattering at visible and NIR wavelengths were obtained with thickness of 283 nm for P1 and 405 nm for P2.

The THG Maker-fringes technique was used to characterize the optical nonlinearities of thin films. The experimental setup consisted of an optical parametric oscillator (OPO) pumped by a Nd-YAG laser that delivered pulses of 8 ns with a repetition rate of 10 Hz. The OPO was tuned at 1300 nm. The laser beam was focused into the films with a 30 cm focal-length lens to form a spot with a radius of approximately 150 μ m. Typical energies in our measurements were set at 3 mJ per pulse at sample position. The third-harmonic beam, as a bulk effect, emerging from the films was separated from the pump beam by using a color filter and detected with a PMT and a Lock-in amplifier. The THG measurements were performed for incident angles in the range from -40° to 40° with steps of 0.27°.

In the Maker-fringes technique, the third-harmonic peak intensity [figure omitted; refer to PDF] from the substrate-film structure is compared to one produced from the substrate alone. Then the nonlinear susceptibility [figure omitted; refer to PDF] in a film of thickness [figure omitted; refer to PDF] is determined from [figure omitted; refer to PDF] where [figure omitted; refer to PDF] and [figure omitted; refer to PDF] are the nonlinear susceptibility and coherence length, respectively, for the substrate at the fundamental wavelength, and [figure omitted; refer to PDF] is the film absorption coefficient at the harmonic wavelength. In our calculation we considered [figure omitted; refer to PDF] esu for the fused silica substrate and [figure omitted; refer to PDF] (12 μ m at 1300 nm) was calculated from tabulated values of the refractive index. Our samples satisfied the condition [figure omitted; refer to PDF] in which (1) is valid.

2.5. [figure omitted; refer to PDF] -Scan

Cubic nonlinearities were also studied in solution. In this case we performed nonlinear absorption characterization by means of an open-aperture [figure omitted; refer to PDF] -scan set-up. Briefly, a femtosecond Ti:sapphire regenerative amplifier delivered pulses of 80 fs (1 kHz repetition rate) at 800 nm. These laser pulses were focused into a beam waist radius of 20 μ m. Chloroform solution (3 × 10^-3 M) of our PT was poured in 1 mm thick quartz cell and tested in the [figure omitted; refer to PDF] -scan set-up. To avoid sample degradation, the peak irradiance was kept below 60 GW/cm² . The nonlinear absorption coefficient [figure omitted; refer to PDF] was obtained using the following relations [45]: [figure omitted; refer to PDF] Here [figure omitted; refer to PDF] is the normalized transmittance of the sample scanned along the [figure omitted; refer to PDF] -axis of a focused beam detected at a far-field position, [figure omitted; refer to PDF] is the light peak intensity at the beam waist, and [figure omitted; refer to PDF] is the Rayleigh distance. Thus, the two-photon absorption cross section can be evaluated from [figure omitted; refer to PDF] , where [figure omitted; refer to PDF] is the photon energy and [figure omitted; refer to PDF] is the density of molecules in the sample. To verify the validity of the measurements, the [figure omitted; refer to PDF] -scan set-up was previously calibrated with the standard CS₂ .

3. Results and Discussion

Spectroscopic NMR results showed that for both copolymers the incorporation of TDR19 was no higher than 5% (P1 > P2); this is in accordance with the molar feed ratio used in the synthesis of the copolymers (relation 1 : 0.35 (3-HT : TDR19) for P1 and relation 1 : 0.12 (3-OT : TDR19) for P2). This difference was sufficient to increase the nonlinear properties of the polymers in solid state. The regioregularity (diads and triads) molecular weight distribution (Mn and Mw) and thermal properties ( [figure omitted; refer to PDF] and [figure omitted; refer to PDF] ) are similar with those normally found in PT synthesized according to the same regioselective method [15-30]. These values were also similar between both copolymers; only the copolymer obtained from 3-HT showed a higher polydispersity consistent with the presence of a greater amount of TDR19 in the copolymer P1. These physicochemical properties are summarized in Table 1.

Table 1: Polymers characteristics.

Polymers	Monomer ratioa	Molecular weight	Thermal stability	Configuration
		Diads (%)	Triads (%)
[figure omitted; refer to PDF]	[figure omitted; refer to PDF]	PDI	[figure omitted; refer to PDF] (°C)	[figure omitted; refer to PDF] (°C)	Weight loss (%)	HT	HH	HT-HT	TT-HT	HT-HH	TT-HH
P1	95 : 5	6908	26553	3.8	480	155	67.2	74	26	63	13	14	10
P2	97 : 3	7406	21996	2.9	476	147	69.3	76	24	60	16	13	11

[figure omitted; refer to PDF] Relation between monomers incorporated into the polymer, 3-alkylthiophene (alkyl = hexyl or octyl)/functionalized thiophene.

3.1. Linear Optical Properties

UV-Vis absorption spectra for PT (P1 and P2) and the monomer were measured in THF solutions (0.1 mg/mL). Both P1 and P2 exhibit wavelengths of maximum absorbance ( [figure omitted; refer to PDF] ) around 430 nm, whereas the maximum of absorption for the monomer TDR19 appears at 460 nm (Figure 2(a)). The more intense absorption of P1 and P2 with respect to TDR19 could be due to the more extended [figure omitted; refer to PDF] -conjugated backbones of the polymers that are related with the regioregularity of HT dyads. In addition, it has been found that while the length of alkyl chain in 3-alkylthiophene copolymers is shorter, their absorbance is higher [21]. The fact that the monomer exhibits maximum absorption at the longest wavelength reflects the highest charge-transfer interaction occurring between the electron-donor group (amino) and the electron-acceptor group (nitro) of TDR19 [36]. The photoluminescence (PL) spectra showed an emission band of P1 and P2 at 567 nm with a small shoulder at 610 nm (Figure 2(b)) when copolymers were irradiated at 365 nm (UV). Both copolymers have stokes shifts around 5500 cm^-1 and P1 has slightly higher emission than P2. The monomer TDR19 has an emission band around 552 nm with stokes shift of 3623 cm^-1 . The relatively low incorporation of this monomer into the copolymers is evident since its presence is not significantly affecting their [figure omitted; refer to PDF] in the absorption and emission spectra; however, this difference can be seen in the higher absorption of P1 regarding P2.

Figure 2: (a) Absorption and (b) emission spectra of solutions (0.1 mg/mL) in THF of monomer TDR19 and copolymers P1 and P2.

(a) [figure omitted; refer to PDF]

(b) [figure omitted; refer to PDF]

Moreover, the PL characteristics of P1 and P2 in toluene were measured at different concentrations: diluted solutions, from 0.005 mg/mL to 0.025 mg/mL (Figures 3(a) and 4(a)), and concentrated solutions, from 0.5 mg/mL to 2.5 mg/mL (Figures 3(b) and 4(b)). These measurements were obtained when the copolymer was excited at 365 nm (UV). In diluted solutions, the maximum photoluminescence ( [figure omitted; refer to PDF] ) was measured at 573 nm and 570 nm for P1 and P2, respectively, with a shoulder at 607 nm in both cases. In concentrated solutions, for both PT copolymers the peak of maximum PL decreases considerably with respect to the shoulder at the time that [figure omitted; refer to PDF] was red-shifted approximately 15 nm while the shoulder was red-shifted only 4 nm. Additional peaks that are observed in the spectra of PT are usually associated with [figure omitted; refer to PDF] interchain transitions in the stacked thiophene rings, which result in the lowered energy excited states [32].

Figure 3: PL spectra of the copolymer P1, (a) diluted and (b) concentrated toluene solutions under UV excitation at 365 nm.

(a) [figure omitted; refer to PDF]

(b) [figure omitted; refer to PDF]

Figure 4: PL spectra of the copolymer P2, (a) diluted and (b) concentrated toluene solutions under UV excitation (365 nm).

(a) [figure omitted; refer to PDF]

(b) [figure omitted; refer to PDF]

In dilute solutions, the intensity of emission increases with the concentration while in concentrated solutions a PL quenching effect is observed. The change in shape of the bands and PL quenching in solutions of high concentrations is associated with exciton quenching effects observed typically in PT, in which direct photogeneration of polaron pairs instead of neutral excitons takes place or low energy charge transfer state related to H-aggregate geometry is present [46, 47]. However, the behavior of PT in films is controversial; it is proposed that some interpolymer interactions and structural disorder drastically affect the optical and electronic properties, as light absorption and fluorescing states, mechanisms of exciton quenching, and energy and charge transfer [12].

It is important to discuss also the film conformation for P1 and P2, since this issue can determine its optical properties (linear and nonlinear). Morphologic analysis of polymeric films was done by using AFM; films (50 mg/mL in toluene) were prepared by drop casting technique. These films showed typical rugosity (Rq) of 26 nm for copolymer P1 and 7 nm for copolymer P2 (Figures 5(a) and 5(b)). Thus, the copolymer with higher content of functionalized thiophene and 3-hexyl group has the largest value of rugosity; this fact may be related to the higher solubility of octyl group than the hexyl group in organic solvents. On the other hand, films (4 mg/mL in chloroform) made by spin coating technique (Figures 5(a[variant prime]) and 5(b[variant prime])) present a rugosity (Rq) of 17 nm for copolymer P1 and 16 nm for copolymer P2. The films made from chloroform solution by spin coating technique are more homogeneous for P1 because the more regular distribution was achieved with this technique. It must be observed that sometimes the conformation of the films is a partially ordered structure influenced by the molecular structure and the utilized solvent during film preparation [45]. Morphology of the films and the interaction between polymer chains can in turn alter (enhance or decrease) the NLO optical properties. It can be examined in a first approximation through the position of the absorption bands and its comparison with those exhibited in solution. For instance, the absorption spectrum in solid films ( [figure omitted; refer to PDF] = 493 nm) is notoriously broader and red-shifted with respect to solution ( [figure omitted; refer to PDF] = 432 nm). Since the bands are associated with [figure omitted; refer to PDF] electronic transitions the shift to longer wavelengths is associated with a reduced energy band gap, which can be traduced in enhanced nonlinear response.

Figure 5: AFM micrographs of film copolymers (a) P1 and (b) P2 fabricated by drop casting from toluene solutions and (a[variant prime]) P1 and (b[variant prime]) P2 prepared by spin coating from chloroform solutions.

[figure omitted; refer to PDF]

3.2. Nonlinear Optical Properties

The choice of using THG technique to measure [figure omitted; refer to PDF] is because it allows measuring pure electronic NLO effects (important for high band width photonic applications). As an example of these experiments, Figure 6 shows the so-called THG Maker-Fringe pattern for thin films of the polymers P1 and P2. As reference, the figure also includes the THG pattern measured from the fused silica substrate alone (thickness: 1 mm). Since these data were obtained at the near infrared wavelength of 1300 nm, it follows that the THG signal is at 433 nm. THG signals from P1 and P2 films are clearly discernable of the signal produced from the substrate alone, being nearly twenty and forty times stronger, respectively. From these data the calculated third-order nonlinear susceptibilities ( [figure omitted; refer to PDF] ) resulted to be 6.7 and 3.2 (×10^-12 esu) for P1 and P2, respectively.

Figure 6: THG Maker-Fringe pattern from thin films (433 nm) of copolymers P1 and P2 deposited in a 1 mm thick glass substrate. As reference, the figure includes the THG signal from a subtrate without a film deposited on it.

[figure omitted; refer to PDF]

The polymer P1 with higher incorporation of functionalized monomer has the bigger value of [figure omitted; refer to PDF] , and also this property is related with the conjugated backbone of the polymers, that is to say with their molecular weight. THG technique has the advantage of measuring nonlinearities of pure electronic origin; however, very few examples are found in the literature on the use of this technique to measure [figure omitted; refer to PDF] in PT. For instance, the technique was used in polythiophene azines, which exhibited a [figure omitted; refer to PDF] value of 5.4 × 10^-11 esu at 1550 nm [42]. This value is larger than the one we observed for P1 and P2; however, it must be noticed that the wavelength of 1550 nm (5 ns pulses) induced three-photon resonant effect enhancement (the maximum absorption of polymer coincided with the THG wavelength). Likewise, a maximum resonant [figure omitted; refer to PDF] value of 2 × 10^-11 esu for other classes of PT derivatives was measured with THG experiments at 2100 nm [43] in which the dispersion of [figure omitted; refer to PDF] (plotted as a function of the THG wavelength) follows the linear absorption spectrum. In our case, the wavelength of THG is at 433 nm with the maximum of absorption of the tested solid film at 493 nm, so the nonlinear response is partially resonantly enhanced. On the other hand, for push-pull side chain azobenzene polymer tested at 1064 nm [figure omitted; refer to PDF] was 1.7 × 10^-11 esu [36] which is comparable to the value obtained for P1.

[figure omitted; refer to PDF] values of P1 and P2 were evaluated in solutions. In particular, we determine the nonlinear effect at 800 nm by using fs pulses, a wavelength at which these copolymers are basically transparent; that is, their lineal absorption due to one-photon excitations is negligible. Figure 7 shows the open-aperture [figure omitted; refer to PDF] -scan curves for these copolymers in chloroform at the concentration of 3 × 10^-3 M and laser peak intensity at the focal region of 22 GW/cm² . From this figure it is observed that the copolymers exhibit notorious nonlinear absorption, with somewhat more intense effect in P1 with respect to P2. Owing to the type of excitation (femtosecond pulses far from the linear absorption band) it is then recognized that the origin of the observed nonlinear absorption in these compounds is due to the instantaneous two-photon absorption process. Notice that the implementation of [figure omitted; refer to PDF] -scan technique with ultrashort optical excitation precludes the observation of other types of effects such as nonlinear absorption due to excited state absorption [32]. By fitting data to (2), it was found that the nonlinear absorption coefficients [figure omitted; refer to PDF] for the copolymer P1 and P2 are -0.63 cm/GW and -0.54 cm/GW, respectively. Thus, the corresponding values of [figure omitted; refer to PDF] resulted to be 8545 GM and 6920 GM considering the whole chain of copolymers, but with values of 233 GM and 194 GM per repeated basic monomeric unit. Notoriously, this value is very close to the value of 300 GM (per repeated unit) measured in the regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) at the same wavelength (800 nm) in diluted solution in chloroform [32]. It means that even though P1 and P2 are not regioregular polymers, their NLO properties resulted practically the same that the one observed in P3HT. In this study reported by Szeremeta et al. [32], the regioregular P3HT commercially available from Sigma-Aldrich was of electronic grade, with diads configuration > 95% and Mn = 15000-4500 Da, PDI <= 2. The solution spectrum of regioregular p3HT shows a broad peak with [figure omitted; refer to PDF] = 420 nm in chloroform whereas the main peak in the film spectrum, assigned to transitions from HOMO to LUMO, is at [figure omitted; refer to PDF] = 520 nm [32] while in our case the copolymer P1 has [figure omitted; refer to PDF] = 6908 Da, PDI = 3.8 with diads configuration of 74%. The absorption spectrum showed a broad peak at [figure omitted; refer to PDF] = 430 nm in THF and the film spectrum a [figure omitted; refer to PDF] = 495 nm in the film spectrum. Notice that in this work we focused on measuring the magnitude of the nonlinear absorption ( [figure omitted; refer to PDF] and [figure omitted; refer to PDF] ) at a wavelength (800 nm) relatively far from the single photon absorption; that is, the edge absorption wavelength for P1 and P2 is at ca 550 nm. In contrast, other authors have tested PT near or at wavelengths where the nonlinear absorption is assisted by single photon transitions; that is, in these cases the nonlinear effects are not necessarily due to instantaneous two-photon absorption process, as in our case. For instance, Udayakumar et al. [44] tested copolymers containing 3,4-dialkoxythiophene and (1,3,4-oxadiazolyl) benzene units at 532 nm using nanosecond pulses, obtaining values of nonlinear coefficients [figure omitted; refer to PDF] of -14.52 and -19.9 cm/GW. In the case of RD1-containing side chain methyl methacrylate polymer has a nonlinear absorption coefficient of [figure omitted; refer to PDF] = -60.1 cm/GW values using the [figure omitted; refer to PDF] -scan technique (35 ps and 532 nm) [37]. Table 2 summarizes a comparison of the values of the third-order nonlinear susceptibility [figure omitted; refer to PDF] and the nonlinear absorption parameters ( [figure omitted; refer to PDF] or [figure omitted; refer to PDF] ) of P1 and P2 with other PT or azobenzene polymers reported recently in the literature.

Table 2: Comparative analysis of [figure omitted; refer to PDF] value obtained by THG and [figure omitted; refer to PDF] or [figure omitted; refer to PDF] values obtained by [figure omitted; refer to PDF] -scan technique.

Polymers	[figure omitted; refer to PDF] measured through THG	[figure omitted; refer to PDF] or [figure omitted; refer to PDF] by [figure omitted; refer to PDF] -scan	Reference
Poly(thiophene azines)	5.4 × 10-11 esu at 1550 nm(5 ns pulses)		[42]
Polythiophene derivative	2 × 10-11 esu at 2100 nm(4 ns pulses)		[43]
Push-pull azobenzene polymers	1.7 × 10-11 esu at 1064 nm(30 ps pulses)		[36]
Regioregular P3HT		[figure omitted; refer to PDF] = 300 GM(per repeated unit) at 800 nm(fs pulses)	[32]
Azopolymer derived RD1		[figure omitted; refer to PDF] = -60.1 cm/GW at 532 nm(ps pulses)	[37]
Polyoxadiazoles		[figure omitted; refer to PDF] = -19.96 cm/GW at 532 nm(ps pulses)	[44]
P1	6.7 × 10-12 esu at 1300 nm(8 ns pulses)	[figure omitted; refer to PDF] = -0.63 cm/GW, [figure omitted; refer to PDF] = 233 GM(per repeated unit) at 800 nm(fs pulses)	This work
P2	3.1 × 10-12 esu at 1300 nm(8 ns pulses)	[figure omitted; refer to PDF] = -0.54 cm/GW, [figure omitted; refer to PDF] = 194 GM(per repeated unit) at 800 nm(fs pulses)	This work

Figure 7: Open-aperture [figure omitted; refer to PDF] -scan measurements for solutions of copolymers P1 and P2 (3 × 10^-3 M) in chloroform under femtosecond excitation (800 nm) with peak intensity of 22 GW/cm² .

[figure omitted; refer to PDF]

4. Conclusions

New polythiophenes derived from 3-alkylthiophenes and a thiophene substituted with DR19 were synthesized by an easy and cost-effective procedure. Their physicochemical characterization showed similar values of thermal stability (around 480°C), molecular weight (Mn ~ 7000, P1 has higher polydispersity than P2), and regioregularity (HT diads ~ 75%). These copolymers had a low incorporation (not more than 5%, P1 > P2) of push-pull chromophore, disperse red 19. Nevertheless, films of these copolymers present significant third-order nonlinear susceptibility, which is related to the size of its conjugated backbone and the amount of incorporation of the functionalized thiophene. In particular, the third-order nonlinear susceptibility in solid films exhibited a maximum value of 6.7 × 10^-12 esu at 1300 nm and it was affected by the molecular structure, that is, the difference of TDR19 incorporation and the length of the chains of the 3-alkylthiophenes in the copolymers. In solution the [figure omitted; refer to PDF] values at infrared wavelengths of our polythiophenes were similar to the regioregular ones.

Acknowledgments

Authors would like to thank CIQ-UAEM for spectroscopic analysis and the Laboratory of Ultrafast Optics at the Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica for the facilities provided for this work. This work was funded by PROMEP/103.5/07/2674 and CONACYT (Grants CB2007-81383-Q and 132946), M. Chavez-Castillo acknowledges CONACYT for scholarship.

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

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