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I. INTRODUCTION........................................ 286
A. Defining Computer Crime ............................ 286
B. Types of Computer-Related Offenses .................... 288
II. FEDERAL APPROACHES .................................. 290
A. Federal Criminal Code .............................. 291
1. National Information Infrastructure Protection Act of 1996 ......................................... 292
a. Offenses Under the Statute ....................... 293
b. Jurisdiction.................................. 296
c. Defenses .................................... 296
i. Jurisdiction............................... 296
ii. Statutory Interpretation ...................... 296
iii. Amount of Damages. ........................ 297
d. Sentencing. .................................. 297
2. Other Statutes .................................. 299
a. Controlling the Assault of Non-Solicited Pornography and Marketing Act of 2003 ....................... 300
b. Copyright Statutes ............................. 301
i. Copyright Infringement Act and No Electronic Theft Act................................. 301
ii. Digital Millennium Copyright Act. .............. 304
c. National Stolen Property Act ..................... 306
d. Mail and Wire Fraud Statutes. .................... 307
e. Electronic Communications Privacy Act............. 308
f. Child Pornography Statutes ...................... 311
i. Communications Decency Act of 1996. ........... 311
ii. Child Online Protection Act of 1998 ............. 312
iii. Child Pornography Prevention Act of 1996 ........ 313
g. Internet False Identification Prevention Act of 2000. .... 313
B. Enforcement Strategies .............................. 315
C. Constitutional Issues. ............................... 318
1. Interstate Commerce Clause........................ 318
2. First Amendment ................................ 320
3. Fourth Amendment. .............................. 321
D. Statutory Issues ................................... 326
III. STATE APPROACHES .................................... 328
A. Overview of State Criminal Codes ...................... 328
B. Issues of Jurisdiction. ............................... 330
C. Enforcement. ..................................... 331
IV. INTERNATIONAL APPROACHES ............................. 331
A. Internet-Related Regulation. .......................... 332
B. International Convergence and Cooperation .............. 334
I. INTRODUCTION
This Article discusses federal, state, and international developments in computerrelated criminal law. This section defines computer crimes. Section II describes the federal statutes used for prosecuting computer crime, analyzes enforcement strategies, and discusses constitutional and statutory issues involving computer crime. Section III examines state approaches to battling computer crime and the resulting federalism issues. Lastly, section IV addresses international approaches to regulating the internet as well as international cooperation in computer crime enforcement.
A. Defining Computer Crime
DOJ broadly defines computer crime as "any violations of criminal law that involve a knowledge of computer technology for their perpetration, investigation, or prosecution."1 Because of the diversity of computer-related offenses, a narrower definition would not be adequate. While the term "computer crime" includes traditional crimes committed with the use of a...