Identification of HOXD4 Mutations in Spinal Extradural Arachnoid Cyst

Abstract

Spinal extradural arachnoid cyst (SEDAC) is a cyst in the spinal canal that protrudes into the epidural space from a defect in the dura mater and leads to neurological disturbances. We previously showed that familial SEDAC is caused by FOXC2 mutation; however, the causal gene of sporadic SEDAC has not been identified. To identify the causal gene of sporadic SEDAC, we performed whole exome sequencing for 12 subjects with sporadic SEDAC and identified heterozygous HOXD4 loss-of-function mutations in three subjects. HOXD4 haplo-insufficiency causes SEDAC and a transcriptional network containing HOXD4 and FOXC2 is involved in the development of the dura mater and the etiology of SEDAC.

About the Authors:

Yoji Ogura

Affiliations Laboratory of Bone and Joint Diseases, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Tokyo, 108–8639, Japan, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, 160–8582, Japan

Noriko Miyake

Affiliation: Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, 236–0004, Japan

Ikuyo Kou

Affiliation: Laboratory of Bone and Joint Diseases, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Tokyo, 108–8639, Japan

Aritoshi Iida

Affiliation: Laboratory of Bone and Joint Diseases, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Tokyo, 108–8639, Japan

Masahiro Nakajima

Affiliation: Laboratory of Bone and Joint Diseases, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Tokyo, 108–8639, Japan

Kazuki Takeda

Affiliations Laboratory of Bone and Joint Diseases, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Tokyo, 108–8639, Japan, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, 160–8582, Japan

Shunsuke Fujibayashi

Affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606–8507, Japan

Masaaki Shiina

Affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, 236–0004, Japan

Eijiro Okada

Affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Saiseikai Central Hospital, Tokyo, 108–0073, Japan

Yoshiaki Toyama

Affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, 160–8582, Japan

Akio Iwanami

Affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, 160–8582, Japan

Ken Ishii

Affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, 160–8582, Japan

Kazuhiro Ogata

Affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, 236–0004, Japan

Hiroshi Asahara

Affiliation: Department of Systems BioMedicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo, 113–8510, Japan

Naomichi Matsumoto

Affiliation: Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, 236–0004, Japan

Masaya Nakamura

Affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, 160–8582, Japan

Morio Matsumoto

Affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, 160–8582, Japan

Shiro Ikegawa

* E-mail: [email protected]

Affiliation: Laboratory of Bone and Joint Diseases, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Tokyo, 108–8639, Japan

Introduction

Spinal extradural arachnoid cyst (SEDAC) is a cyst in the spinal canal (Fig 1), which is formed by arachnoid mater protruding from a dural defect that connects the intra- and epi-dural spaces. SEDAC represents 1% of all primary spinal tumours[1] and occurs predominantly in the lower thoracic to lumbar area, posterior to the spinal cord.[2] SEDAC expands due to retention of the cerebrospinal fluid in response to changes in spinal pressure. The enlarged cyst compresses the spinal cord and leads to neurological disturbances.[3] The onset is usually after middle age since the expansion progresses gradually.

[Figure omitted. See PDF.]

Fig 1. Spinal extradural arachnoid cyst.

T1- (A) and T2- (B) weighted sagittal plane images of MRI scan. Subject P5. There is a single cyst (asterisk marks) dorsal to the spinal cord at the thoracolumbar spine.

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SEDAC could be secondary to inflammation, previous spinal surgery and closed spinal trauma;[4] however, in most cases, it is caused by an idiopathic, congenital dural defect. Genetic etiology of SEDAC has been suggested.[5, 6] We previously investigated 2 familial SEDAC pedigrees associated with lymphedema-distichiasis syndrome (LDS) (OMIM 153400) and identified heterozygous loss of function mutations in FOXC2 (forkhead box C2).[6] In the study, we also investigated seven sporadic SEDAC patients, but found no FOXC2 mutation. Furthermore, clinical features of the sporadic SEDAC without a FOXC2 mutation were significantly different from syndromic SEDAC with a FOXC2 mutation in age of onset and number and location of the cysts,[6] suggesting genetic heterogeneity of SEDAC.

To identify the causal gene of sporadic SEDAC, we performed whole exome sequencing (WES) for 12 subjects with sporadic SEDAC. We identified HOXD4 loss-of-function mutations in three subjects.

Materials and Methods

Subjects

We recruited 12 sporadic SEDAC subjects (Table 1). SEDAC was diagnosed using MRI. All subjects were Japanese and had no mutations or structural abnormalities in FOXC2. All but one received surgery. Secondary SEDAC was excluded by medical examination and negative intra-operative findings. Written informed consent was obtained from all subjects. The study was approved by the ethical committees of RIKEN and other participating institutions.

[Figure omitted. See PDF.]

Table 1. Clinical data of spinal extradural arachnoid cyst subjects.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0142126.t001

Exome sequencing

We sheared genomic DNA (3 μg) by Covaris S2 system (Covaris) and processed with SureSelect All Exon 5 kit (Agilent Technologies). We sequenced the captured DNAs with HiSeq 2000 (Illumina) with 101 base pair-end reads with seven indices. We performed the image analysis and base calling by HiSeq Control Software/Real Time Analysis and CASAVA1.8.2 (Illumina) and mapped the sequences to human reference genome hg19 by Novoalign 3.00.02 (P1–P7) and Novoalign 3.00.04 (P8–P12). We removed PCR duplication by the Picard tools. The variants were called by Genome Analysis Toolkit (GATK) v1.6–5 or v2.7–4 using the thresholds recommended in GATK best practices v.3 with hand filtering, and annotated by ANNOVAR (2012 February 23).

Analysis of exome sequence data

We hypothesized that SEDAC was inherited in an autosomal-dominant fashion since all subjects were sporadic. We filtered out these variants with the script created by BITS (Tokyo, Japan) according to following conditions: 1) variants registered in ESP6500, 2) variants found in our in-house controls (n = 575), 3) synonymous changes, 4) non-flagged rare variants registered in dbSNP build 137 (MAF < 0.01), and 5) variants within segmental duplications.

Sanger sequence

We sequenced PCR products from genomic DNAs and plasmid clones of the expression vectors using 3730xl DNA Analyzer (Applied Biosystems) according to the manufacture’s instruction.

in silico analyses of mutation and gene

To evaluate the variants identified by the sequence analyses, we considered the following variants as deleterious: 1) nonsense variants (stop codon and frame shift), 2) deletion of > 3 amino acid, and 3) missense variants with high in silico prediction scores (PolyPhen-2 > 0.95 and SIFT < 0.05). We performed in silico structural analysis as previously described.[7, 8] Briefly, since no experimental structure was available for the human HOXD4 homeodomain, we used a crystal structure of the Antennapedia homeodomain in complex with DNA (PDB code 9ANT) by searching an analogous structure of human HOXD4 using SWISS-MODEL server. To evaluate the impact of the deletion on the homeodomain structure, we calculated free energy change upon the deletion using the FoldX software (version 3.0β5). We used STRING 9.1. (http://string-db.org/) for in silico protein-protein interaction analysis. We examined expression patterns of Hoxd4 and Foxc2 in mouse embryo using EMBRYS database (http://embrys.com/).

Luciferase assay of the recombinant HOXD4 mutations

We cloned the cDNA of the wild-type HOXD4 into the XbaI and EcoRV sites of the pFLAG-CMV-4 expression vector (Sigma Aldrich). We introduced the two HOXD4 mutations by site-directed mutagenesis using PrimeSTAR Mutagenesis Basal Kit (Takara). For Western blotting, HeLa cells were transfected in a 12-well plate using 500 ng of the HOXD4-pFLAG construct. Transfected HeLa cells were washed with PBS, were harvested by scraping after 48 hours of incubation, and were resolved by SDS-PAGE. The N-terminal FLAG epitope was detected by immunoblot with a mouse anti-FLAG monoclonal antibody (Sigma Aldrich). We cloned the murine Hoxd4-responsive luciferase vector into the NheI and BglII sites of the pGL3-Basic vector (Promega). The homeodomains of mouse and human HOXD4 have completely identical amino acid sequences.[9] For the luciferase assay, HeLa cells were transfected in a 24-well plate using 150 ng of the HOXD4- pFLAG construct, 300 ng of the luciferase reporter vector and 1 ng of the pRLSV40 control vector (Promega). Transfected cells were grown for 48 hours under 5% CO₂ at 37°C. The cells were washed with PBS and dissolved in 150 μl of a passive lysis buffer. We performed the dual-luciferase assays using the Promega Dual Luciferase Assay kit (Promega) according to the manufacturer’s protocol.

Results

Whole exome sequencing

The mean depth of coverage for reads was 109.5×, and 92.8% of the targeted bases had sufficient coverage (more than 20 reads on average) (S1 Table). By the WES, we identified heterozygous variants in HOXD4, c.633_634insA (p.D212Rfs*3) in P5 and c.680_691del (p.S227_S230del) in P6 and P9. The results were confirmed by the Sanger sequence (Fig 2A). These variants were not found in any public databases including WES database of 1,208 Japanese people (Human Genetic Variation Browser). HOXD4 is a two-exon gene (Fig 2B) on chromosome 2p. c.633_634insA is considered to lead to a truncation of the HOXD4 protein rather than to cause nonsense-mediated mRNA decay, because the mutation is located in the last exon (Fig 2B). c.680_691del produces a deletion in the C-terminal of the homeodomain (Fig 2B). We then examined the presence of structural abnormalities, such as deletion and duplication, in HOXD4 using TaqMan real-time quantitative PCR method as previously described;[6] however, no abnormality was found in the subjects (data not shown).

[Figure omitted. See PDF.]

Fig 2. HOXD4 mutations in spinal extradural arachnoid cyst.

(A) DNA sequence. A heterozygous insertion (c.633_634insA) in P5 and a heterozygous deletion (c.680_691) in P6 and P9. Upper and lower sequences represent mutation and normal (reference) sequences, respectively. The double-headed arrow indicates the deletion. (B) Genomic (upper column) and protein (lower column) structures of HOXD4 and positions of mutations identified in spinal extradural arachnoid cyst (blue letters) and acute lymphoid leukemia (black letters). Exons and homeodomain are black- and yellow-colored, respectively. (C) Western blot analysis. Lysates of transfected HeLa cells were resolved by SDS-PAGE and detected by immunoblot for the N-terminal FLAG epitope. The mutant proteins showed expected size bands. D) Dual luciferase assay. Luciferase activities of WT and mutant vectors. The activities of D212Rfs*3 and S227_S230del HOXD4 were significantly decreased compared to that of WT HOXD4. (–): empty vector, thick bar: mean value, error bar: SD, asterisk: p value < 0.01 (t-test).

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in silico analysis of the HOXD4 variants

We evaluated the effect of the two HOXD4 variants on their ability to bind to DNA using in silico structural analysis as previously described.[6, 7] c.633_634insA (p.D212Rfs*3) that affects the hydrophobic core of the homeodomain was predicted to disturb the folding of the tertiary structure and thereby impairs DNA binding activity of the homeodomain. No implications could be drawn about the impact of c.680_691del (p.S227_S230del) from the analysis.

in vitro analysis of the transcriptional activities of the HOXD4 variants

We then analyzed their transcriptional activity of the variants in vitro. We confirmed the protein production using a Western blot analysis (Fig 2C) and measured the transactivation activity of the HOXD4 constructs using luciferase assay. The mutant constructs with p.D212Rfs*3 and p.S227_S230del had significantly reduced luciferase activities compared to the wild type (Fig 2D), indicating that the two mutations were loss of function mutations. This result was replicated in HEK293 cells (data not shown).

in silico analysis of the relation of HOXD4 and FOXC2

HOXD4 and FOXC2 are both homeobox transcription factors involved in various developmental processes. To examine the relation of the two transcription factors, we evaluated their interaction using STRING 9.1. We found that HOXD4 and FOXC2 proteins had indirect, but close interactions with each other (S1 Fig). We then investigated the expression patterns of Hoxd4 and Foxc2 during early development of the mouse and found that they had similar temporal and spatial expression pattern in the somite of mouse embryo (S2 Fig).

Discussion

We have found two heterozygous mutations in HOXD4 in SEDAC. Both are thought to be loss-of-function mutations. To our knowledge, only one HOXD4 mutation has been reported; a germline mutation, c.242A>T (p.E81V) (Fig 2B) was found in two acute lymphoid leukemia patients, one with skeletal abnormalities (bilateral cervical ribs and L5 sacralization) and another without skeletal abnormalities.[10] The mutation also showed a partial loss of transcriptional activity. The association of SEDAC with acute lymphoid leukemia has not been reported. The phenotype discrepancy between the present and reported mutations may be due to the difference of the position and/or the effect of the mutations. Alternatively, based on the fact that c.242A>T of HOXD4 in the two leukemia patients is linked to a specific haplotype composed of three variants in other HOXD genes (c.746-79_746-68del and c.1025T>G in HOXD10 and c.557G>A in HOXD12), van Scherpenzeel Thim et al. speculated that the HOXD4 mutation is insufficient to confer leukemia susceptibility on its own, necessitating combined action of other HOXD variants.[10] In our patients, those HOXD variations and other HOX variants common to the two SEDAC subjects were not found.

Pathomechanism of the SEDAC by HOXD4 mutations has not been clarified. HOXD4 belongs to the homeobox (HOX) gene family of transcription factors. HOX genes play important roles in morphogenesis and are critical in the establishment of body axes during embryogenesis.[10–12] HOXD4 is involved in determining positional values in the developing spine.[10] The dural defect of SEDAC is considered to be due to abnormal dura mater development. FOXC2, the disease gene for syndromic SEDAC[5, 6] also encodes a homeobox transcription factor and expressed in the developing mesodermal mesenchyme which forms the dura mater.[13–15] Dura mater development would be impaired by FOXC2 loss of function mutations. On the other hand, HOXD4 plays an important role in morphogenesis by determining positional values in the developing spine.[16] In fact, Northern blot analysis revealed that HOXD4 transcripts were expressed in spinal cords of 5–9 week-old human fetuses.[17] HOXD4 may also be involved in dura mater development. Interestingly, in silico interaction analysis showed that HOXD4 and FOXC2 proteins had close interactions with each other (S1 Fig). Furthermore, Hoxd4 and Foxc2 showed similar spacio-temporal expression patterns in the somite of mouse embryo (S2 Fig). These findings suggest that the regulatory network of the transcription factors containing HOXD4 may be important in dura mater development and involved in the etiology and pathogenesis of SEDAC. The network may include other causal genes of SEDAC.

Supporting Information

[Figure omitted. See PDF.]

S1 Fig. Protein-protein interaction analysis between HOXD4 and FOXC2 protein.

Interaction analysis between HOXD4 and FOXC2 proteins using STRING database. Stronger associations are represented by thicker lines. Nodes are colored (if they are directly linked to the input) or white (nodes of a higher iteration) as defined by STRING database. HOXD4 and FOXC2 proteins had indirect, but strong interaction.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0142126.s001

(DOCX)

S2 Fig. Embryonic gene expression of Hoxd4 and Foxc2.

Hoxd4 (top) and Foxc2 (bottom) expression in mouse during E9.5–11.5. Pink, dark-yellow, orange, light-yellow, blue, and red represent somite, tail bud, maxillary process, mandibular arch, hyoid arch, and eye, respectively. The stronger color density represents more expression. Both genes had strong and similar expression in the somite.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0142126.s002

(DOCX)

S1 Table. Summary of the exome sequencing performance.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0142126.s003

(DOCX)

Acknowledgments

We are grateful to the individuals who participated in this study. We thank T. Isono, T. Kusadokoro, Y. Takanashi, and S. Tominaga for technical assistance. We also thank N. Atsumi for checking English. This study is supported by research grants from Japan Agency For Medical Research and Development (AMED) (contract No. 14525125).

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: YO MM M. Nakamura N. Matsumoto SI. Performed the experiments: YO HA N. Miyake N. Matsumoto SI. Analyzed the data: YO N. Miyake MS KO N. Matsumoto SI. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: YO N. Miyake IK A. Iida M. Nakajima KT SF MS EO YT A. Iwanami KI M. Nakamura HA SI. Wrote the paper: YO N. Miyake MS SI.

Citation: Ogura Y, Miyake N, Kou I, Iida A, Nakajima M, Takeda K, et al. (2015) Identification of HOXD4 Mutations in Spinal Extradural Arachnoid Cyst. PLoS ONE 10(11): e0142126. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0142126

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