Elaboration of care plan as a differential in care practice for hypertensive patients/Elaboração de plano de cuidados como diferencial na prática assistencial ao hipertenso

Abstract

To compare care for hypertension among teams that elaborate and do not elaborate care plans to hypertensive individuals and their families. This evaluative and cross-sectional study included 63 nurses from the Family Health Strategy. Data were collected using a structured instrument recommended by the Brazilian Ministry of Health, which was designed and validated by researches. Mean and median scores from evaluated sub-dimensions were compared according to elaboration of care plan by using the Student t test and Mann-Whitney test. Scores obtained for the sub-dimensions of health promotion and individualized care were significantly higher among teams that elaborated care plans for individuals with hypertension and their families. Family Health Strategy teams that elaborate care plans to individuals with hypertension and their families had better performance in care practices of health promotion and individualized care.

Headnote

Keywords

Hypertension/therapy; Arterial pressure/ therapy; Patient care planning; Advance care planning; Practice patterns, nursing; Health promotion; Health services evaluation;

Descritores

Hipertensão/terapia; Pressão arterial/ terapia; Planejamento de assistência ao paciente; Planejamento antecipado de cuidados; Padrões de prática em enfermagem; Promoção a saúde; Avaliação de serviços de saúde;

Submitted

October 29, 2015

Accepted

September 29, 2016

Abstract

Objective: To compare care for hypertension among teams that elaborate and do not elaborate care plans to hypertensive individuals and their families.

Methods: This evaluative and cross-sectional study included 63 nurses from the Family Health Strategy. Data were collected using a structured instrument recommended by the Brazilian Ministry of Health, which was designed and validated by researches. Mean and median scores from evaluated sub-dimensions were compared according to elaboration of care plan by using the Student t test and Mann-Whitney test.

Results: Scores obtained for the sub-dimensions of health promotion and individualized care were significantly higher among teams that elaborated care plans for individuals with hypertension and their families.

Conclusion: Family Health Strategy teams that elaborate care plans to individuals with hypertension and their families had better performance in care practices of health promotion and individualized care.

Resumo

Objetivo: Comparar a assistência em hipertensão arterial entre equipes que elaboram e que não elaboram planos de cuidado, à pessoa com hipertensão arterial e sua família.

Métodos: Estudo avaliativo e transversal, realizado com 63 enfermeiros da Estratégia Saúde da Família. Coletaram-se os dados mediante instrumento estruturado preconizado pelo Ministério da Saúde, elaborado e validado pelos pesquisadores. Compararam-se médias/medianas de pontuações obtidas nas subdimensões avaliadas, segundo elaboração do plano de cuidados, por meio dos testes t de Student e Mann-Whitney.

Resultados: As pontuações obtidas nas subdimensões promoção da saúde e atendimento individual foram significativamente maiores entre equipes que elaboravam plano de cuidados para os indivíduos com hipertensão arterial e suas famílias.

Conclusão: As equipes da Estratégia Saúde da Família que elaboravam planos de cuidados às pessoas com hipertensão arterial e suas famílias apresentaram melhor desempenho nas práticas assistenciais de promoção da saúde e atendimento individual.

Introduction

Systemic hypertension constitutes a public health problem worldwide. It is characterized by a multifactorial etiology, maintenance of high tension levels and persistent metabolic changes, which may lead to severe cardiovascular complications.® Annually, about 9.4 million deaths in the world result from blood hypertension and its complications. (2) The prevalence of this chronic condition in the population is growing, along with a low level of patient knowledge about the disease and difficulties in controlling tension levels.(3)

Therefore, systemic elaboration and written care plans for individuals with chronic conditions is strongly recommended because planning concrete actions may lead to favorable clinical results, in addition to increasing individuals' knowledge about the disease and treatment.(4) A study carried out in Pakistan with hypertensive individuals reported that satisfactory knowledge is associated with maintenance of tension levels within normal ranges.(5)

A randomized clinical study that included African-American individuals observed that systematization of centered care plans and active participation of the patient improve communication between health care professionals and patients, increase the perception of the patient's involvement in care, and improve levels of systolic blood pressure, particularly among individuals of low socioeconomic status in urban settings and non-controlled tension levels.(6)

Despite the importance of individualized care plans, we also highlight the need, even more common, for care planning for families of individuals with chronic conditions at different spheres of health care. Considering that family experience is directly related to confrontation of chronic conditions by the individual, we emphasize that insertion of family in care planning and its implementation can contribute to improve control from the perspective of a sick individual, and also how the disease and management of treatment are significant and experienced in terms of the family dynamics.(7)

Therefore, we highlight, on the basis of the literature, that motivation linked to individuals changing can work better when it is based on a plan of goals for self-care, especially when health professionals act as partners for elaboration, accompanying and supporting a plan to solve or reduce barriers experienced by individuals with chronic conditions.®

In addition, we presuppose that elaboration of care plans can result in differences in care for those with hypertension. Nurses are important professionals in the process for the collective construction of care plans, especially in the sphere of primary health care (PHC). This study compares care delivered for hypertensive individuals among teams that design care plans and teams that do not design care plans for hypertensive individuals and their families.

Methods

This cross-sectional and evaluative study was carried out in the sphere of PHC in a medium size municipality in the South region of Brazil. At the time of the study, there were 27 health basic units, 65 family health strategy teams, a team of community health agent program and 7 teams of family health support centers. The study population consisted of nurses who work for the Family Health Strategy of the municipality. We interviewed nurses from the municipality; they had less turnover and were more involved in the management of the teams and implementation of specific programs for care of individuals with chronic conditions.

Of 65 nurses working in family health strategy at the time, 63 participated in the study; the other 2 were on sick leave. Interviews were scheduled over the phone and were carried out in a private room at the Health Basic Unit. Data were collected from April to June 2014 through interviews conducted with a structured questionnaire.

The instrument used for data collection was composed according to indication by the Ministry of Health for primary care to individuals with hypertension(9) and validated by using the Delphi technique. A total of 12 specialists participated in the process. Of these, 4 were health care workers, 3 were managers, 2 were cardiologists and 3 were researchers from assessment area. Validated criteria were used to elaborate an instrument composed of 121 questions distributed in 3 dimensions: structural, care practices, and organization of health care. The structural dimension is composed of 79 questions in the subdimensions of physical area, materials and equipment, materials for health education, inputs, complementary exams, and medications and human resources the care practice dimension consists of 25 questions in subdimensions of health promotion and individualized care; and the dimension on organization of health care is composed of 17 questions (Appendix 1).

Each dimension, along with its respective subdimensions, presents a sum of points in agreement with the evaluated items and attributed score for each one. The final sum of this score indicates the level of implementation of the care program to the individual with hypertension in the respective unit, classified as initial, intermediate, or advanced.(10) The higher the score, the greater the degree of implementation of the program. Four teams were evaluated as advances and 59 as intermediate.(11)

Data were entered into Excel for Windows® and then exported to Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS), version 20. The variable "elaboration of a care plan," originally categorized as "always," "almost always," "sometimes," "almost never" and "never," was categorized for analysis as "elaborated" ("always" and "almost always" and "do not elaborate" ("always," "almost never" and "never"), making up the variable "care plan." Continuous covariables of the study were sub-dimensions of the assessment instrument, measured in scores. Data were submitted to the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test; for those with normal distribution, we used the Student t test for comparison, with presentation of means and standard deviations. For data that were not normally distributed, we applied the non-parametric Mann-Whitney test, with presentation of means and interquartile range (25% and 75%). We adopted a 5% level of significance in all tests.

This research project approval was registered in the statement no. 168.220, issued by the Permanent Committee of Ethical and Research involving human subjects of the Universidad Estadual de Maringá.

Results

Most of the 63 interviewed nurses were women (93.6%). Time working as nurse ranged from 9 months to 13 years (mean, 6.3 years). Most professionals had been on the same Family Health Strategy team for more than 3 years (82.50%). Concerning care plans, we verified that 30.2% (n=19) of teams elaborated care plans for individuals with hypertension and 14.3% (n=9) of teams elaborated care plans for families.

In the care plans for individuals with hypertension, we observed that in sub-dimensions of health promotion and individualized care, the score obtained among teams that elaborated written plans and in a systematized form were significantly higher than those in teams that did not elaborate them (Table 1).

Significant differences in the score for the sub-dimensions of "health promotion" and "individualized care" among teams that elaborated and did not elaborate care plans for families of individ- uals with hypertension were also verified; however, the scores were higher than those obtained for to individualized care plans (Table 2).

Discussion

This study had some limitations. It not consider participation of health workers in the construction and validation of the data collection instrument. In addition, the overall team did not evaluate the elaborated care plans; rather a nurse perspective was used. The study was also cross-sectional, which does not permit longitudinal assessment of care program of individuals with hypertension. Finally, its findings do not cover the dimension of results from elaboration of care plans; rather, it considered only the structure and work process.

The results suggest that existing items in a care program for individual with hypertension can be more present among teams of Family Health Strategy that always elaborated or almost always elaborated care plans, especially regarding care practices, as well as in individualized care and health promotion activities. We emphasize that the sub-dimension of health promotion involves actions since it entails actively seeking new cases and strategies to stimulate healthy habits, up to the establishment of goals for the follow-up of individuals with hypertension. (11) However, the sub-dimension of individualized care involves such actions as medical consultations and nursing consultations according to protocols, cardiovascular risk classification, and home visits to users who do not adhere.(11)

However, even with the proposition of reorganizing care to individuals with chronic conditions, from the national literature, we verified that implementation of innovations in care are still occurring in an incipient form. In an evaluative study among 13 health units in the South region of Brazil, at two different times among teams and users of the services, we observed that incorporation of self-care plans for individuals with chronic conditions is weak - many professionals did not monitor the plans. However, the approximation of pertinent pedagogic approaches and knowledge of concrete tools to elaborate plans were considered positive elements.(12)

Researchers point out that to efficiently and equitably address the high global load of chronic conditions, the public health systems should implement approaches that include the community, address multiple factors and risk conditions concomitantly, support changes in lifestyle of the entire population, and help population subgroups that are more affected and vulnerable, mainly by educational and health promotion activities, in the sphere of PHC; this depends on the involvement of different sectors, including public-private partnerships.(13,14) In this context, health promotion is the main strategy for reducing risk factors for chronic conditions. Therefore, elaboration of care plans directed to patients and their families have a lot to contribute for control of chronic conditions.

To help to overcome the burden imposed by chronic conditions on the health systems, the United States, through the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, suggests the use of cross-sectional strategies to stimulate environmental approaches that promote health, support healthy behaviors, and facilitate the development of interventions that make the use of health system by preventive clinical services more efficient and soluble.(14) Therefore, we perceived that the contemporary highlighting of international policies is directed to health promotion, reinforced in our study by the evidence that the Family Health Strategy teams that elaborate more care plans were also the ones practicing health promotion more.

Still, in our study, we perceived that choosing nurses to be the respondents was adequate because data showed that mean time of service on the staff of the Family Health Strategy of the municipality was greater than 6 years, which lends higher credibility to the information collected and allows interferences of same nature in professional practices. In addition, in the last decade, nurses have had an important role in highlighting care practice and in counseling for medications and lifestyle modifications in specific groups of patients, such as those with hypertension. Therefore, nurses must act in the perspective of health promotion, assuring that conditions for health service users are empowering and allow users to identify and choose an individual approach to the health-disease process.(13,15)

In this sense, this study pointed out that, according to the perspective of nurses, the teams that elaborated care plans for patients and their families achieved a higher proportion of individual care and higher levels of implementation of this type of care. Evidence shows that strategies for self-management are central to the management of chronic conditions.(16)

An interventional study among 1,170 individuals from a U.S. community with at least one chronic condition revealed that after 12 months of follow-up, participants' health improved significantly. The risk for emergency care resulting from deterioration of chronic conditions was reduced significantly at 12 months, and hospitalizations were significantly decreased at 6 months of follow-up.(16)

Similarly, a study carried out in Pakistan among 650 individuals with hypertension found that pressure control was significantly associated with greater knowledge about the disease; this was also shown by the higher participation in health promotion activities.(5) This finding is similar to that in a study carried out in Brazil among 422 hypertensive individuals, which showed that the lower the level of knowledge of the disease, the greater the chance of unsatisfactory adherence to medication treatment.(17)

However, it is important to highlight that the problem of nonadherence to treatment of chronic conditions is complex; access to information about systemic hypertension does not necessarily imply higher adherence to therapeutic measures. A randomized study in Spain among 966 hypertensive individuals showed that educational interventions did not significantly affect patients' adherence to medication.(18) Therefore, we verified an essential distance between knowledge and practice: Although patients know what should be done, they often did not act in concordance with such knowledge because they also need to feel part of the therapeutic project and, by consequence, motivated and confident to participate. Still, they need to recognize and believe in possible benefits that this treatment can provide them.

The literature suggests that care planning in chronic conditions, in addition to systematization, must be personalized according to the values and demands of individual patients and their families. (19) Therefore, instead of concentrating on care standards established by health professionals, individualized planned care must be encouraged in order to define objectives for treatment and to determine specific and coherent goals to meet the clinical needs,(19) with space left for considering other possibilities and limitations to following/performing the established plan. It is, therefore, a collaborative and proactive approach that considers clinical results and treatments, self-management, and educational support for self-care and strategies to change behavior and solve problems.(19)

Health professionals from PHC, when elaborating personalized care plans to individuals with hypertension, must consider aspects pointed out and discussed in the present study. They also must elaborate care plans directed to families of patients, who are a source of support and help for those with a chronic conditions.(7,20) In this perspective, a study carried out in Nigeria among 2,000 individuals with hypertension showed that the most common source of medical information for approximately 60.0% of interviewers were members of the family, friends and social group of trust; physicians, nurses and other health workers were mentioned as the main providers of information and knowledge about the disease and its treatment for only about 9.0% of individuals.(21)

A meta-analysis including controlled studies from China showed that health education with family support - the most commonly used intervention - were, in general, an indispensable component of patient self-management and a trigger for better control of hypertension and, in turn, better quality of life with the disease and its treatment.(22) In Brazil, an intervention study carried out among 28 women with hypertension reported that a health education workshop combined with family guidance on non-pharmacologic treatment led to an increase in adherence to diet recommendations and improvement in clinical results.(23) These findings reinforce the importance of elaborating care plans and considering families as the main source of information for patients with chronic conditions and as influential for adherence to pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment; this adherence depends mostly on how health professionals act in collaboration with families.(24)

Conclusion

Family Health Strategy teams that elaborated care plans for patients with hypertension and their families had better performance in care practice for health promotion and individualized care.

Acknowledgments

We thank Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPQ) for the scholarship given to Marcon SS and the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES) for the scholarship given to the doctoral project of Arruda GO.

Collaborations

Silva RLDT, Arruda GO, Barreto MS, Oliveira MLF, Matsuda LM and Marcon SS contributed with conception of the Project, analysis and interpretation of data, drafting the manuscript, critical relevant review of intellectual content and approval of final version to be published.

References

References

1. World Health Organization (WHO). Cardiovascular disease. A global brief on hypertension: silent killer, global public health crisis [Internet]. Geneva: WHO; 2013. [cited 2015 Oct 23]. Available from: http:// www.who.int/cardiovascular_diseases/publications/global_brief_ hypertension/en.

2. Lim SS, Vos T, Flaxman AD, Danaei G, Shibuya K, Adair-Rohani H, et al. A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet. 2012; 380(9859):2224-60. Erratum in: Lancet. 2013; 381 (9867):628. AlMazroa, Mohammad A [added]; Memish, Ziad A [added]. Lancet. 2013; 381(9874):1276.

3. Ibrahim MM, Damasceno A. Hypertension in developing countries. Lancet. 2012; 380(9859):611-9.

4. Metzelthin SF, Daniëls R, van Rossum E, Cox K, Habets H, de Witte LP, et al. A nurse-led interdisciplinar primary care approach to prevent disability among commuity-dwelling frail older people: a large-scale process evaluation. Intern J Nursing Stud. 2013; 50(9)1184-96.

5. Almas A, Godil SS, Lalani S, Samani ZA, Khan AH. Good Knowledge about hypertension is linked to better control of hypertension a multicenter cross sectional study in Karachi, Pakistan. BMC Res Notes. 2012; 5:579.

6. Cooper LA, Roter DL, Carson KA, Bone LR, Larson SM, Miller ER 3rd, et al. A randomized trial to improve patient-centered care and hypertension control in underserved primary care patients. J Gen Intern Med. 2011; 26(11):1297-304.

7. Crespo C, Santos S, Canavarro MC, Kielpikowski M, Pryor J, FéresCarneiro T. Family routines and rituals in the contexto of chronic conditions: a review. Int J Psychol. 2013; 48(5):729-46.

8. Vargas EC, Cecilio SG, Brasil CL, Torres HC. Identificando barreiras e cumprimento de metas para prática de autocuidado em pessoa com diabetes tipo 2. Cogitare Enferm. 2015; 20(4):846-50.

9. Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Atençao à Saúde. Departamento de Atençao Básica. Hipertensao arterial sistêmica para o Sistema Único de Saúde. Brasilia (DF); 2006. (Cadernos de Atençao Básica, 15).

10. Silva LM, Hartz ZM, Chaves SC, Silva GA. Metodologia para análise da implantaçao de processos relacionados à descentralizaçao da atençao à Saúde no Brasil In: Hartz ZM, Silva LM, organizadores. Avaliaçao em saúde: dos modelos teóricos à prática na avaliaçao de programas e sistemas de saúde. Salvador: EdUFBA; Rio de Janeiro: Fiocruz; 2005.

11. Silva RL. Avaliaçao da implantaçao da assistência às pessoas com hipertensao arterial em municipio do estado do Paraná - 2013. [tese]. Maringa (PR): Universidade Estadual de Maringá; 2013.

12. Schwab GL, Moysés ST, Kusma SZ, Ignácio AS, Moysés SJ. Percepçao de inovaçôes na atençao às doenças/condiçôes crónicas: uma pesquisa avaliativa em Curitiba. Saúde Debate. 2014; 38 (Esp.):307-18.

13. Geense WW, Glind IM, Visscher TL, Achterberg TV. Barriers, facilitators and attitudes influencing health promotion activities in general practice: an explorative pilot study. BMC Family Practice. 2013; 14:20.

14. Bauer UE, Briss PA, Goodman RA, Bowman BA. Prevention of chronic disease in the 21st century: elimination of the leading preventable causes of premature death and disability in the USA. Lancet. 2014; 384(9937):45-52.

15. Kite BJ, Tangasi W, Kelley M, Bower JK, Foraker RE. Electronic medical records and their use in health promotion and population research of cardiovascular disease. Curr Cardiovasc Risk Rep. 2015; 9(422):2-8.

16. Ory MG, Ahn SN, Jiang L, Smith ML, Ritter PL, Whitelaw N, et al. Successes of a National Study of the Chronic Disease Self-Management Program: Meeting the Triple Aim of Health Care Reform. Medical Care. 2013; 51(11):992-8.

17. Barreto MS, Reiners AA, Marcon SS. Knowledge about hypertension and factors associated with the non-adherence to drug therapy. Rev Lat Am Enfermagem. 2014; 22(3):491-8.

18. Amado Guirado E, Pujol Ribera E, Pacheco Huergo V, Borras JM; ADIEHTA Group. Knowledge and adherence to antihypertensive therapy in primary care: results of a randomized trial. Gac Sanit. 2011; 25(1):62-7.

19. Mendes EV. O cuidado às condiçôes crónicas na atençao primária à saúde: o imperative da consolidaçao da estratégia saúde da familia. Brasília(DF): Organizaçao Pan-Americana de Saúde; 2012.

20. Weber MA, Schiffrin EL, White WB, Mann S, Lindholm LH, Kenerson JG, et al. Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension in the Community. J Hypertens. 2014; 32(1):3-15.

21. Oladapo OO, Salako L, Sadiq L, Soyinka K, Falase AO. Knowledge of hypertension and other risk factors for heart disease among yoruba rural southwestern Nigerian Population. Br J Med & Med Res. 2013; 3(4):993-1003.

22. Lu Z, Cao S, Chai Y, Liang Y, Bachmann M, Suhrcke M, et al. Effectiveness of interventions for hypertension care in the community-a meta-analysis of controlled studies in China. BMC Health Serv Res. 2012; 12(216):1-12.

23. Ribeiro AG, Ribeiro SM, Dias CM, Ribeiro AQ, Castro FA, Suárez-Varela MM, et al. Non-pharmacological treatment of hypertension in primary health care: A comparative clinical trial of two education strategies in health and nutrition. BMC Public Health. 2011; 11:637.

24. Reiners AA, Seabra FM, Azevedo RC, Sudré MR, Duarte SJ. Adesao ao tratamento de hipertensos da atençao básica. Cienc Cuid Saude. 2012; 11(3):581-7.

Appendix

(ProQuest: Appendix omitted.)