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Abstract
Introduction Radical cystectomy for bladder and urinary diversion is considered the gold standard for treatment of muscular invasive bladder cancer or high-risk nonmuscular invasive bladder cancer. With an increasing amount of orthotopic neobladder procedures, more patients are suffering from urinary incontinence. [...]an article is required for diagnosis and treatment of urinary incontinence after the orthotopic ileal neobladder procedure. Currently, there are no uniform diagnostic criteria, and no specified tools, methods, or specific questionnaires about evaluation of urinary incontinence after creating an orthotopic neobladder. [...]different medical centers report different incidences of urinary incontinence after orthotopic ileal neobladder surgery because of these above-mentioned factors. Factors Affecting the Incidence of Urinary Incontinence after Orthotopic Neobladder Surgery The incidence of urinary incontinence after orthotopic neobladder is related to the postoperative evaluation time, age of patients, method of surgery, and whether there is intraoperative preservation of nerves. Diagnosis of urinary incontinence after neobladder surgery is related to the followings: previous radical cystectomy for the bladder and orthotopic neobladder; the complaint of urine outflow without self-determination (by day and at night); urine outflow as shown by a physical examination; and a potential pathophysiological mechanism of urinary incontinence as shown by a clinical examination or urodynamic study. Evaluation of Urinary Incontinence Treatment of urinary incontinence after the orthotopic ileal neobladder procedure is guided by basic evaluations, including the medical history, a physical examination, and a laboratory test. [...]a physical examination includes examining the sellar region, a digital rectal examination, pelvic palpation, and a neurological examination. [...]basic laboratory...