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Yu Guo [1; 2] and Zhongfeng Li [3] and Xinfeng Liu [3] and Xiaolan Su [1] and Yijie Li [2] and Jiajie Zhu [2] and Yilin Song [2] and Ping Zhang [1] and Jiande D. Z. Chen [4] and Ruhan Wei [5] and Jianqin Yang [1] and Wei Wei [1]

Academic Editor: Yoshiki Mukudai

1, Department of Gastroenterology, Wangjing Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Huajiadi Street, Chaoyang District, Beijing 10102, China, cacms.ac.cn

2, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11 North Third Ring Road East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 10029, China, bucm.edu.cn

3, Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, 105 West Third Ring Road North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100048, China, cnu.edu.cn

4, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA, jhu.edu

5, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences and Health Professions, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA, csuohio.edu

Received Jan 12, 2017; Revised Jun 11, 2017; Accepted Jul 11, 2017

This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

1. Introduction

Functional dyspepsia (FD) is one of the most common functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs). It is defined according to the Rome III criteria as consisting of several upper gastrointestinal symptoms including epigastric pain or discomfort, postprandial fullness, and early satiety, lasting for 6 months at least, without any evidence of structural diseases that can explain symptoms [1, 2]. The global prevalence of uninvestigated dyspepsia (UD) is 20.8% and the overall pooled prevalence of FD diagnosed by Rome III criteria is in the range of 4.6–11.3% [3]. The nature of FD is chronic and fluctuating, and only 50% of patient with this disease experience a resolution of symptoms, whereas 15–20% of patients’ symptoms are persistent [4] which lowers the quality of life and overall health, also increasing psychological distress. This condition also poses a substantial economic burden for patients and society, and costs associated with FD in the United State were as high as $18.4 billion in 2009 [5]. However, because symptoms of FD are nonspecific and the related pathophysiology is diverse, conventional treatment is often unsatisfactory and nearly 50% of patients seek out other therapies, such...
   
   
   

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