Genome Sequencing and Analysis of the Postharvest Fungus Penicillium expansum R21

Abstract

ABSTRACT

Blue mold is the vernacular name of a common postharvest disease of stored apples, pears, and quince that is caused by several common species of Penicillium. This study reports the draft genome sequence of Penicillium expansum strain R21, which was isolated from a red delicious apple in 2011 in Pennsylvania.

GENOME ANNOUNCEMENT

Penicillium expansum causes an economically serious postharvest decay of fruits and is known as “blue mold” in reference to the abundant blue-green spores produced by this species and several other Penicillium species that cause the disease (1, 2). P. expansum also produces patulin, a mycotoxin that can contaminate apple juice and other apple products which is regulated by the US Food and Drug Administration, the European Union, and other regulatory agencies (3). The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations has reported that about one fourth of the world’s food crops are contaminated with mycotoxins every year (4, 5). Very little is known about the genetic basis of the infection, pathogenicity, toxigenicity, and virulence of penicillia. In order to explore the possible fungal virulence factors and to devise novel strategies for the mitigation of mycotoxin contamination in fruits, our group has sequenced the genomes of three related Penicillium species (6, 7, 8). Here, we report the genome of the wild-type P. expansum strain R21, which produces patulin during fruit infection.

Spores of P. expansum R21 isolated in 2011 from a decomposing red delicious apple in Pennsylvania were inoculated in potato dextrose broth and incubated with shaking at 200 rpm at 25°C for 7 days. Total genomic DNA was extracted using an E.Z.N.A. Fungal DNA midi kit (Omega Bio-Tek) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Three DNA libraries with different inserted size (paired-end 410-bp, mate pair 2kbp+8kbp) of P. expansum R21 were sequenced using an Illumina MiSeq benchtop sequencer and the sequence depths reached 105×, 109×, and 84×, respectively. De novo assembly was performed on all data using SOAPdenovo v2.04 (http://soap.genomics.org.cn) with 59 k-mer after a k-mer sweep evaluation. The contigs was then extended using reference guided assembly improvement tool AlignGraph (https://github.com/baoe/AlignGraph) with one P. expansum reference genome (ASM76974v1) and scaffolding by SSPACE-Standard (9). The final assembly consisted of 573 contigs, with an N₅₀ value of 107,307 bp. Based on the 17 k-mer statistical analysis, the estimated genome size of P. expansum R21 was 34 Mb. The G+C content of the genome was ~48%. Our new assembly has total genome size of 35,046,069 bp, with total number of 187,101 Ns, and 34,858,968 bases without N.

The genome sequence of P. expanum R21 has been annotated using the MAKER2 program (10). Annotation results indicate that the P. expansum R21 contains 12,707 predicted genes, with an average length of 1,478 bp. The gene total length (all the coding sequences) is 18,790,875 bp, which is 54% of the whole genome. Approximately 282 kb of repeated regions were found, accounting for 0.80% of the genome size. The genomic data will provide useful information for better understanding of how to control blue rot contamination caused by P. expansum.

Accession number(s).

This whole-genome shotgun project has been deposited at DDBJ/ENA/GenBank under the accession number MJGF00000000. The version described in this paper is version MJGF02000000.