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Abstract
The high field phenomena of inter-valley transfer and avalanching breakdown have long been exploited in devices based on conventional semiconductors. In this Article, we demonstrate the manifestation of these effects in atomically-thin WS2 field-effect transistors. The negative differential conductance exhibits all of the features familiar from discussions of this phenomenon in bulk semiconductors, including hysteresis in the transistor characteristics and increased noise that is indicative of travelling high-field domains. It is also found to be sensitive to thermal annealing, a result that we attribute to the influence of strain on the energy separation of the different valleys involved in hot-electron transfer. This idea is supported by the results of ensemble Monte Carlo simulations, which highlight the sensitivity of the negative differential conductance to the equilibrium populations of the different valleys. At high drain currents (>10 μA/μm) avalanching breakdown is also observed, and is attributed to trap-assisted inverse Auger scattering. This mechanism is not normally relevant in conventional semiconductors, but is possible in WS2 due to the narrow width of its energy bands. The various results presented here suggest that WS2 exhibits strong potential for use in hot-electron devices, including compact high-frequency sources and photonic detectors.
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1 1Department of Electrical Engineering, University at Buffalo, the State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
2 Department of Physics, University at Buffalo, the State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
3 Department of Physics, King Mongkut’ s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok, Thailand
4 High-Frequency High-Voltage Device and Integrated Circuits Center, Institute of Microelectronics of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 3 Beitucheng West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, PR China
5 Department of Physics and Center for 2-Dimensional and Layered Materials, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
6 Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
7 Department of Physics and Center for 2-Dimensional and Layered Materials, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA; Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA; Department of Chemistry and Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
8 Department of Materials Science and Nano Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
9 School of Electrical, Computer, and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA