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Abstract
The monospecific fern genus Cystodium (Cystodiaceae; Polypodiales) occurs exclusively in the tropical forests of the Malay Archipelago, the Admiralty Islands, the Louisiade Archipelago, and the Solomon Islands. Divergence time estimates suggest that the genus originated in the Mesozoic; however, fossil evidence to validate this suggestion has been lacking. Amber from Myanmar (Burmese amber) is an important source of new information on the diversity of vascular cryptogams in the Cretaceous. This paper describes the fossil taxon Cystodium sorbifolioides nov. sp. based on a fragment of a fertile leaf preserved in Burmese amber that represents the first fossil evidence of the family Cystodiaceae. Cystodium sorbifolioides is used to obtain a minimum age estimate for the Cystodiaceae and the closely related, monogeneric Lonchitidaceae and Lindsaeaceae. The fossil strengthens the hypothesis that the forest ecosystems of Malesia and Melanesia represent refugia for many tropical plant lineages that originated in the Cretaceous.
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Details
1 Ludwig Maximilian University, Faculty of Biology, Department of Biology and Geobio-Center, Munich, Germany; Instituto de Ecología y Sistemática, Carretera de Varona 11835 e/ Oriente y Lindero, La Habana, Cuba
2 University of Göttingen, Department of Geobiology, Göttingen, Germany
3 University of Göttingen, Albrecht-von-Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, Department of Systematics, Biodiversity and Evolution of Plants, Göttingen, Germany
4 SNSB-Bayerische Staatssammlung für Paläontologie und Geologie, München, Germany
5 Center for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Menglun, Mengla, Yunnan, China; Natural History Museum, Department of Life Science, London, UK
6 SNSB-Bayerische Staatssammlung für Paläontologie und Geologie, München, Germany; Ludwig Maximilians University, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Palaeontology and Geobiology, München, Germany
7 Ludwig Maximilian University, Faculty of Biology, Department of Biology and Geobio-Center, Munich, Germany