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Abstract
Introduction Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a worldwide public health threat, displaying multiple antibiotic resistance that causes morbidity and mortality. Management of multidrug-resistant (MDR) MRSA infections is extremely difficult due to their inherent resistance to currently used antibiotics. New antibiotics are needed to combat the emergence of antimicrobial resistance.
Methods The in vitro effect of tannins was studied against MRSA reference strain (ATCC 43300) and MRSA clinical strains utilizing antimicrobial assays in conjunction with both scanning and transmission electron microscopy. To reveal the influence of tannins in MRSA protein synthesis disruption, we utilized next-generation sequencing (NGS) to provide further insight into the novel protein synthesis transcriptional response of MRSA exposed to these compounds.
Results Tannins possessed both bacteriostatic and bactericidal activity with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 0.78 and 1.56 mg/mL, respectively, against all tested MRSA. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy of MRSA treated with tannins showed decrease in cellular volume, indicating disruption of protein synthesis.
Conclusion Analysis of a genome-wide transcriptional profile of the reference strain ATCC 43300 MRSA in response to tannins has led to the finding that tannins induced significant modulation in essential ribosome pathways, which caused a reduction in the translation processes that lead to inhibition of protein synthesis and obviation of bacterial growth. These findings highlight the potential of tannins as new promising anti-MRSA agents in clinical application such as body wash and topical cream or ointments.
Keywords tannins; MRSA; antimicrobial assays; ribosomal protein synthesis
Introduction
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a global public health burden due to emergence of resistance to currently used antibiotic classes and the limited therapeutic options.1 It also caused the increment of healthcare costs.2 It causes a diverse range of clinical diseases such as endocarditis, sepsis, skin and soft tissue infections, implanted device infections, and several other relevant human diseases.3,4 Some MRSA have been discovered resistant to new antibiotics such as linezolid, quinupristin/ dalfopristin, daptomycin and telavancin5-7 which has limited the drug's effectiveness. Thus, there is an intense need for new antibiotics to combat drug-resistant MRSA.
Plants have served as useful source of antimicrobial drugs for over 100 years and offer new potential compounds for the development of new antibacterial agents.8 Promising compounds from plants include tannins. There...