Abstract

Species distribution models (SDMs) are widely used in ecology and conservation. Presence-only SDMs such as MaxEnt frequently use natural history collections (NHCs) as occurrence data, given their huge numbers and accessibility. NHCs are often spatially biased which may generate inaccuracies in SDMs. Here, we test how the distribution of NHCs and MaxEnt predictions relates to a spatial abundance model, based on a large plot dataset for Amazonian tree species, using inverse distance weighting (IDW). We also propose a new pipeline to deal with inconsistencies in NHCs and to limit the area of occupancy of the species. We found a significant but weak positive relationship between the distribution of NHCs and IDW for 66% of the species. The relationship between SDMs and IDW was also significant but weakly positive for 95% of the species, and sensitivity for both analyses was high. Furthermore, the pipeline removed half of the NHCs records. Presence-only SDM applications should consider this limitation, especially for large biodiversity assessments projects, when they are automatically generated without subsequent checking. Our pipeline provides a conservative estimate of a species’ area of occupancy, within an area slightly larger than its extent of occurrence, compatible to e.g. IUCN red list assessments.

Details

Title
Species Distribution Modelling: Contrasting presence-only models with plot abundance data
Author
Gomes, Vitor H F 1 ; IJff, Stéphanie D 2 ; Raes, Niels 3 ; Iêda Leão Amaral 4 ; Salomão, Rafael P 5 ; de Souza Coelho, Luiz 4 ; Francisca Dionízia de Almeida Matos 4 ; Castilho, Carolina V 6 ; Diogenes de Andrade Lima Filho 4 ; Dairon Cárdenas López 7 ; Guevara, Juan Ernesto 8 ; Magnusson, William E 9 ; Phillips, Oliver L 10 ; Wittmann, Florian 11 ; Marcelo de Jesus Veiga Carim 12 ; Maria Pires Martins 4 ; Irume, Mariana Victória 4 ; Sabatier, Daniel 13 ; Molino, Jean-François 4 ; Bánki, Olaf S 3 ; José Renan da Silva Guimarães 12 ; Pitman, Nigel C A 14 ; Fernandez Piedade, Maria Teresa 15 ; Abel Monteagudo Mendoza 16 ; Bruno Garcia Luize 17 ; Eduardo Martins Venticinque 18 ; Evlyn Márcia Moraes de Leão Novo 19 ; Percy Núñez Vargas 20 ; Thiago Sanna Freire Silva 21 ; Manzatto, Angelo Gilberto 22 ; Terborgh, John 23 ; Neidiane Farias Costa Reis 24 ; Montero, Juan Carlos 25 ; Casula, Katia Regina 24 ; Marimon, Beatriz S 26 ; Ben-Hur Marimon 26 ; Euridice N Honorio Coronado 27 ; Feldpausch, Ted R 28 ; Duque, Alvaro 29 ; Zartman, Charles Eugene 4 ; Castaño Arboleda, Nicolás 7 ; Killeen, Timothy J 30 ; Bonifacio Mostacedo 31 ; Vasquez, Rodolfo 16 ; Schöngart, Jochen 15 ; Assis, Rafael L 15 ; Marcelo Brilhante Medeiros 32 ; Marcelo Fragomeni Simon 32 ; Andrade, Ana 33 ; Laurance, William F 34 ; Camargo, José Luís 33 ; Demarchi, Layon O 15 ; Laurance, Susan G W 34 ; Emanuelle de Sousa Farias 35 ; Henrique Eduardo Mendonça Nascimento 4 ; Cardenas Revilla, Juan David 4 ; Quaresma, Adriano 15 ; Costa, Flavia R C 4 ; Ima Célia Guimarães Vieira 36 ; Bruno Barçante Ladvocat Cintra 37 ; Castellanos, Hernán 38 ; Brienen, Roel 10 ; Stevenson, Pablo R 39 ; Feitosa, Yuri 40 ; Duivenvoorden, Joost F 41 ; Aymard, Gerardo A, C 42 ; Mogollón, Hugo F 43 ; Targhetta, Natalia 44 ; Comiskey, James A 45 ; Vicentini, Alberto 9 ; Lopes, Aline 15 ; Damasco, Gabriel 46 ; Dávila, Nállarett 47 ; García-Villacorta, Roosevelt 48 ; Levis, Carolina 49 ; Schietti, Juliana 4 ; Souza, Priscila 4 ; Thaise Emilio 50 ; Alonso, Alfonso 51 ; Neill, David 52 ; Dallmeier, Francisco 51 ; Leandro Valle Ferreira 36 ; Araujo-Murakami, Alejandro 53 ; Praia, Daniel 15 ; Dário Dantas do Amaral 36 ; Fernanda Antunes Carvalho 54 ; Fernanda Coelho de Souza 55 ; Feeley, Kenneth 56 ; Arroyo, Luzmila 53 ; Pansonato, Marcelo Petratti 57 ; Gribel, Rogerio 58 ; Villa, Boris 15 ; Licona, Juan Carlos 59 ; Fine, Paul V A 46 ; Cerón, Carlos 60 ; Baraloto, Chris 61 ; Jimenez, Eliana M 62 ; Stropp, Juliana 63 ; Engel, Julien 64 ; Silveira, Marcos 65 ; Peñuela Mora, Maria Cristina 66 ; Petronelli, Pascal 67 ; Maas, Paul 3 ; Thomas-Caesar, Raquel 68 ; Henkel, Terry W 69 ; Daly, Doug 70 ; Marcos Ríos Paredes 71 ; Baker, Tim R 10 ; Fuentes, Alfredo 72 ; Peres, Carlos A 73 ; Chave, Jerome 74 ; Pena, Jose Luis Marcelo 75 ; Dexter, Kyle G 76 ; Silman, Miles R 77 ; Jørgensen, Peter Møller 78 ; Pennington, Toby 79 ; Anthony Di Fiore 80 ; Fernando Cornejo Valverde 81 ; Phillips, Juan Fernando 82 ; Rivas-Torres, Gonzalo 83 ; Patricio von Hildebrand 84 ; van Andel, Tinde R 3 ; Ruschel, Ademir R 85 ; Prieto, Adriana 86 ; Rudas, Agustín 86 ; Hoffman, Bruce 87 ; Vela, César I A 88 ; Edelcilio Marques Barbosa 4 ; Zent, Egleé L 89 ; George Pepe Gallardo Gonzales 71 ; Hilda Paulette Dávila Doza 71 ; Ires Paula de Andrade Miranda 4 ; Jean-Louis Guillaumet 90 ; Linder Felipe Mozombite Pinto 71 ; Luiz Carlos de Matos Bonates 4 ; Silva, Natalino 91 ; Ricardo Zárate Gómez 92 ; Zent, Stanford 89 ; Gonzales, Therany 93 ; Vos, Vincent A 94 ; Malhi, Yadvinder 95 ; Oliveira, Alexandre A 96 ; Cano, Angela 39 ; Bianca Weiss Albuquerque 15 ; Vriesendorp, Corine 14 ; Diego Felipe Correa 97 ; Emilio Vilanova Torre 98 ; Geertje van der Heijden 99 ; Ramirez-Angulo, Hirma 100 ; José Ferreira Ramos 4 ; Young, Kenneth R 101 ; Rocha, Maira 15 ; Marcelo Trindade Nascimento 102 ; Maria Natalia Umaña Medina 103 ; Tirado, Milton 104 ; Wang, Ophelia 105 ; Sierra, Rodrigo 104 ; Torres-Lezama, Armando 100 ; Mendoza, Casimiro 106 ; Ferreira, Cid 4 ; Baider, Cláudia 107 ; Villarroel, Daniel 53 ; Balslev, Henrik 108 ; Mesones, Italo 46 ; Ligia Estela Urrego Giraldo 29 ; Casas, Luisa Fernanda 109 ; Manuel Augusto Ahuite Reategui 110 ; Linares-Palomino, Reynaldo 111 ; Zagt, Roderick 112 ; Cárdenas, Sasha 109 ; Farfan-Rios, William 77 ; Adeilza Felipe Sampaio 24 ; Pauletto, Daniela 113 ; Valderrama Sandoval, Elvis H 114 ; Freddy Ramirez Arevalo 115 ; Huamantupa-Chuquimaco, Isau 20 ; Garcia-Cabrera, Karina 77 ; Hernandez, Lionel 38 ; Luis Valenzuela Gamarra 16 ; Alexiades, Miguel N 116 ; Pansini, Susamar 24 ; Walter Palacios Cuenca 117 ; Milliken, William 118 ; Ricardo, Joana 10 ; Lopez-Gonzalez, Gabriela 10 ; Pos, Edwin 119 ; Hans ter Steege 120   VIAFID ORCID Logo 

1  Coordenação de Botânica, Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém, PA, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Ambientais, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil 
2  Biodiversity Dynamics, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Marine and Coastal Management, Deltares, Delft, The Netherlands 
3  Biodiversity Dynamics, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands 
4  Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia – INPA, Manaus, AM, Brazil 
5  Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Ambientais, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil 
6  EMBRAPA – Centro de Pesquisa Agroflorestal de Roraima, Boa Vista, RR, Brazil 
7  Herbario Amazónico Colombiano, Instituto SINCHI, Bogotá, DC, Colombia 
8  Department of Integrative Biology University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA; Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas, Diego de Robles y Vía Interoceánica, Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador 
9  Coordenação de Pesquisas em Ecologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia – INPA, Manaus, AM, Brazil 
10  School of Geography, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, UK 
11  Department of Wetland Ecology, Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology – KIT, Rastatt, Germany; Biogeochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany 
12  Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Pesquisas Científicas e Tecnológicas do Amapá – IEPA, Amapá, Brazil 
13  AMAP, IRD, Cirad, CNRS, INRA, Université de Montpellier, TA A-51/PS2, Bd. de la Lironde, Montpellier, France 
14  Science and Education, The Field Museum, Chicago, IL, USA 
15  Coordenação de Dinâmica Ambiental, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia – INPA, Manaus, AM, Brazil 
16  Jardín Botánico de Missouri, Oxapampa, Pasco, Peru 
17  Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista – UNESP, Instituto de Biociências – IB, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil 
18  Centro de Biociências, Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil 
19  Divisao de Sensoriamento Remoto – DSR, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais – INPE, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil 
20  Herbario Vargas, Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Avenida de la Cultura, Cusco, Cuzco, Peru 
21  Departamento de Geografia, Universidade Estadual Paulista – UNESP, Instituto de Geociências e Ciências Extas – IGCE, Bela Vista, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil 
22  Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil 
23  Center for Tropical Conservation, Duke University, Nicholas School of the Environment, Durham, NC, USA 
24  Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia - PPG-Bionorte, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil 
25  Instituto Boliviano de Investigacion Forestal, Santa Cruz, Bolivia; Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia – INPA, Manaus, AM, Brazil 
26  Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Nova Xavantina, MT, Brazil 
27  Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana – IIAP, Iquitos, Loreto, Peru; School of Geography, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, UK 
28  Geography College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK 
29  Departamento de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia 
30  Agteca-Amazonica, Santa Cruz, Bolivia 
31  Facultad de Ciencias Agrícolas Universidad Autónoma Gabriel René Moreno Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, Bolivia 
32  Prédio da Botânica e Ecologia Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia Parque Estação Biológica, Brasilia, DF, Brazil 
33  Projeto Dinâmica Biológica de Fragmentos Florestais, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Manaus, AM, Brazil 
34  Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science and College of Science and Engineering James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia 
35  Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis da Amazônia (EDTA), Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Fiocruz, Manaus, AM, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Biodiversidade e Saúde Instituto Oswaldo Cruz - IOC/FIOCRUZ Pav. Arthur Neiva – Térreo Av. Brasil 4365 – Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil 
36  Coordenação de Botânica, Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém, PA, Brazil 
37  Coordenação de Dinâmica Ambiental, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia – INPA, Manaus, AM, Brazil; School of Geography, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, UK 
38  Centro de Investigaciones Ecológicas de Guayana Universidad Nacional Experimental de Guayana, Calle Chile, urbaniz Chilemex, Puerto Ordaz, Bolivar, Venezuela 
39  Laboratorio de Ecología de Bosques Tropicales y Primatología Universidad de los Andes Carrera 1 # 18a- 10, Bogotá, DC, Colombia 
40  Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia (Botânica) Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Manaus, AM, Brazil 
41  Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands 
42  Programa de Ciencias del Agro y el Mar Herbario Universitario (PORT) UNELLEZ-Guanare, Guanare, Portuguesa, Venezuela 
43  Endangered Species Coalition, Silver Spring, MD, USA 
44  MAUA Working Group Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA Av. André Araújo 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, Brazil 
45  Inventory and Monitoring Program National Park Service 120 Chatham Lane, Fredericksburg, VA, USA; Center for Conservation Education and Sustainability Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, DC, USA 
46  Department of Integrative Biology University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA 
47  Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil 
48  Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh 20a Inverleith Row, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK 
49  Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Manaus, AM, Brazil; Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group Wageningen University Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 3, Wageningen, The Netherlands 
50  Natural Capital and Plant Health Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, UK; Coordenação de Pesquisas em Ecologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia – INPA, Manaus, AM, Brazil 
51  Center for Conservation Education and Sustainability Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, DC, USA 
52  Ecosistemas Biodiversidad y Conservación de Especies Universidad Estatal Amazónica, Km. 2 1/2 vía a Tena (Paso Lateral), Puyo, Pastaza, Ecuador 
53  Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado Universidad Autónoma Gabriel Rene Moreno, Santa Cruz, Bolivia 
54  Coordenação de Pesquisas em Ecologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia – INPA, Manaus, AM, Brazil; Centro de Biociências, Departamento de Botânica e Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Campus Universitário, Lagoa Nova, Natal, RN, Brazil 
55  Coordenação de Pesquisas em Ecologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia – INPA, Manaus, AM, Brazil; School of Geography, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, UK 
56  Department of Biology University of Miami Coral, Gables, FL, USA; Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden Coral, Gables, FL, USA 
57  Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia – INPA, Manaus, AM, Brazil; Instituto de Biociências - Dept. Ecologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo - USP, Rua do Matão, Trav. 14, no. 321, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, Brazil 
58  Diretoria de Pesquisas Científicas, Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil 
59  Instituto Boliviano de Investigacion Forestal, Santa Cruz, Bolivia 
60  Escuela de Biología Herbario Alfredo Paredes Universidad Central, Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador 
61  International Center for Tropical Botany (ICTB) Department of Biological Sciences Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA 
62  Grupo de Ecología de Ecosistemas Terrestres Tropicales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Amazonía, Leticia, Amazonas, Colombia 
63  Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceio, AL, Brazil 
64  AMAP, IRD, Cirad, CNRS, INRA, Université de Montpellier, TA A-51/PS2, Bd. de la Lironde, Montpellier, France; International Center for Tropical Botany (ICTB) Department of Biological Sciences Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA 
65  Museu Universitário/Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Natureza/Laboratório de Botânica e Ecologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal do Acre, Rio Branco, AC, Brazil 
66  Universidad Regional Amazónica IKIAM, Tena, Napo, Ecuador 
67  Cirad UMR Ecofog AgrosParisTech CNRS INRA Univ Guyane, Campus agronomique, Kourou Cedex, France 
68  Iwokrama International Programme for Rainforest Conservation, Georgetown, Guyana 
69  Department of Biological Sciences, Humboldt State University, Arcata, CA, USA 
70  New York Botanical Garden 2900 Southern Blvd, Bronx, New York, NY, USA 
71  Servicios de Biodiversidad EIRL, Jr. Independencia 405, Iquitos, Loreto, Peru 
72  Herbario Nacional de Bolivia, Universitario UMSA, La Paz, Bolivia; Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO, USA 
73  School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK 
74  Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique CNRS and Université Paul Sabatier UMR 5174 EDB, Toulouse, France 
75  Department of Forestry Management, Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, La Molina, Lima, Peru 
76  School of Geosciences University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh 20a Inverleith Row, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK 
77  Biology Department and Center for Energy, Environment and Sustainability, Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, NC, USA 
78  Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO, USA 
79  Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh 20a Inverleith Row, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK 
80  Department of Anthropology University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA 
81  Andes to Amazon Biodiversity Program, Madre de Dios, Madre de Dios, Peru 
82  Fundación Puerto Rastrojo, Bogotá, DC, Colombia 
83  Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales-COCIBA & Galapagos Institute for the Arts and Sciences-GAIAS, Universidad San Francisco de Quito-USFQ, Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador; Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA 
84  Fundación Estación de Biología, Bogotá, DC, Colombia 
85  Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, Trav. Dr. Enéas Pinheiro s/nº, Belém, PA, Brazil 
86  Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Apartado, Bogotá, DC, Colombia 
87  Amazon Conservation Team, Paramaribo, Suriname 
88  Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Medio Ambiente, Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Puerto Maldonado, Madre de Dios, Peru 
89  Laboratory of Human Ecology, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas - IVIC, Caracas, Venezuela 
90  Departement EV, Muséum national d’histoire naturelle de Paris, Paris, France 
91  Instituto de Ciência Agrárias, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, Belém, PA, Brazil 
92  PROTERRA, Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana (IIAP), Iquitos, Loreto, Peru 
93  ACEER Foundation, Jirón Cusco N° 370, Puerto Maldonado, Madre de Dios, Peru 
94  Universidad Autónoma del Beni José Ballivián, Campus Universitario Final Av. Ejercito, Riberalta, Beni, Bolivia; Regional Norte Amazónico, Centro de Investigación y Promoción del Campesinado, C/Nicanor Gonzalo Salvatierra N° 362, Riberalta, Beni, Bolivia 
95  Environmental Change Institute, Oxford University Centre for the Environment, Dyson Perrins Building, Oxford, England, UK 
96  Instituto de Biociências - Dept. Ecologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo - USP, Rua do Matão, Trav. 14, no. 321, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, Brazil 
97  Laboratorio de Ecología de Bosques Tropicales y Primatología Universidad de los Andes Carrera 1 # 18a- 10, Bogotá, DC, Colombia; School of Agriculture and Food Sciences - ARC Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions CEED, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia 
98  Instituto de Investigaciones para el Desarrollo Forestal (INDEFOR), Universidad de los Andes, Conjunto Forestal, Mérida, Venezuela; School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA 
99  University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, UK 
100  Instituto de Investigaciones para el Desarrollo Forestal (INDEFOR), Universidad de los Andes, Conjunto Forestal, Mérida, Venezuela 
101  Geography and the Environment, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA 
102  Laboratório de Ciências Ambientais, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Av. Alberto Lamego 2000, Campos dos Goyatacazes, RJ, Brazil 
103  Laboratorio de Ecología de Bosques Tropicales y Primatología Universidad de los Andes Carrera 1 # 18a- 10, Bogotá, DC, Colombia; Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA 
104  GeoIS, El Día 369 y El Telégrafo, 3° Piso, Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador 
105  Environmental Science and Policy, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA 
106  FOMABO, Manejo Forestal en las Tierras Tropicales de Bolivia, Sacta, Cochabamba, Bolivia; Escuela de Ciencias Forestales (ESFOR), Universidad Mayor de San Simon (UMSS), Sacta, Cochabamba, Bolivia 
107  Agricultural Services, Ministry of Agro-Industry and Food Security, Agricultural Services, Ministry of Agro-Industry and Food Security, The Mauritius Herbarium, Reduit, Mauritius 
108  Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Building 1540 Ny Munkegade, Aarhus C, Aarhus, Denmark 
109  Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, DC, Colombia 
110  Medio Ambiente, PLUSPRETOL, Iquitos, Loreto, Peru 
111  Center for Conservation Education and Sustainability, Smithsonian’s National Zoo & Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Washington, DC, USA 
112  Tropenbos International, Wageningen, The Netherlands 
113  Instituto de Biodiversidade e Floresta, Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará, Rua Vera Paz, Campus Tapajós, Santarém, PA, Brazil 
114  Department of Biology, University of Missouri, St. Louis, MO, USA; Facultad de Biologia, Universidad Nacional de la Amazonia Peruana, Iquitos, Loreto, Peru 
115  Facultad de Biologia, Universidad Nacional de la Amazonia Peruana, Iquitos, Loreto, Peru 
116  School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Marlowe Building, Canterbury, Kent, UK 
117  Herbario Nacional del Ecuador, Universidad Técnica del Norte, Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador 
118  Natural Capital and Plant Health Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, UK 
119  Biodiversity Dynamics, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Ecology & Biodiversity Group, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, Utrecht, The Netherlands 
120  Biodiversity Dynamics, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Systems Ecology, Free University, Amsterdam, Netherlands 
Pages
1-12
Publication year
2018
Publication date
Jan 2018
Publisher
Nature Publishing Group
e-ISSN
20452322
Source type
Scholarly Journal
Language of publication
English
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-18927-1
ProQuest document ID
1988495530
Copyright
© 2018. This work is published under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.