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Received Jul 11, 2017; Revised Oct 2, 2017; Accepted Nov 15, 2017
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1. Introduction
With the widespread use of smart applications and phones, it brings convenience to our life. However, the security of identity authentication is an issue that needs to be addressed urgently. Traditional identity authentication method can deal with the security issue, but current problem is that tokens or passwords are easy to be forgotten for a long time and bank cards or identity cards, and so on, are easily stolen or lost. Therefore, recognition systems based on biometric traits gradually replace traditional authentication methods nowadays. For example, smart phone fingerprint recognition device: the personal fingerprint information is stored on the phone, so only the user can access and turn on the smart phone. Biometrics system refers to the identification of human beings based on their physiological and behavioral characteristics. The ease of use and low error rates which promote their widespread use are superior to others methods. Of course, biometric systems have their own weakness. For example, biometric systems contain vulnerabilities and are also susceptible to various kinds of sophisticated forms of spoofing. Among these, the fingerprint recognition, the ease of use, and high recognition rate are the main factors that contribute to their widespread use, accounting for the vast majority part [1]. Indeed, early identification systems can be easily spoofed by fake fingerprints, which can be reproduced from common materials. Popular fake fingertip materials such as silicon, wood glue and latex [2, 3] consist of large organic molecules which tend to agglomerate during processing. For example, threats to fingerprint systems are spoof finger attack at the sensor, attack on software modules, and so on [4].
Fingerprint liveness detection refers to whether the fingerprints presented are really from a live fingertip or spoofed ones. In order to solve the spoofing, various methods are proposed [5–8] in recent years. The goal of current fingerprint liveness detection research is...