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Abstract
Although numerous studies on kidney renal clear cell carcinoma (KIRC) were carried out, the dynamic process of tumor formation was not clear yet. Inadequate attention was paid on the evolutionary paths among somatic mutations and their clinical implications. As the tumor initiation and evolution of KIRC were primarily associated with SNVs, we reconstructed an evolutionary process of KIRC using cross-sectional SNVs in different pathological stages. KIRC driver genes appeared early in the evolutionary tree, and the genes with moderate mutation frequency showed a pattern of stage-by-stage expansion. Although the individual gene mutations were not necessarily associated with survival outcome, the evolutionary paths such as VHL-PBRM1 and FMN2-PCLO could indicate stage-specific prognosis. Our results suggested that, besides mutation frequency, the evolutionary relationship among the mutated genes could facilitate to identify novel drivers and biomarkers for clinical utility.
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1 Department of Statistics, School of Mathematical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
2 Key Lab of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, P.R. China; CAS Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
3 Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, MOE LSB and LSC, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
4 Key Lab of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, P.R. China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
5 Key Lab of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, P.R. China
6 Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, MOE LSB and LSC, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Key Lab of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, P.R. China; CAS Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Center for Bioinformation Technology, Shanghai Industrial Technology Institute, Shanghai, P.R. China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China