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Received Aug 4, 2017; Revised Jan 10, 2018; Accepted Jan 22, 2018
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1. Introduction
As the rapid economic development, the electric power requirement is increasing. However, the primary energy source has become a serious problem as well as the environmental pollution [1, 2]. It is significant to develop the sustainable energy based power generation technologies such as wind generation and photovoltaic (PV) generation [3].
Typically, as the wind generation and the photovoltaic generation are connected to the power grid with a larger and larger capacity, the voltage and frequency stability of the grid has become a serious problem. To solve this problem, the active distribution network (ADN) [4] and the optimal allocation of dispersed energy storage systems in AND [5] are employed. Hereafter, many effective methods, such as the generalized model of VSC-based energy storage systems [6] and the deployment strategy taking the two-stage solar photovoltaic-based stand-alone scheme and having battery as energy storage element [7], are proposed to secure the transient stability and the stationary stability. Moreover, the construction of smart grid which contains the microgrids and the distributed network is being carried out powerfully all over the world [8, 9], and the demand response management [10], the maximum power point tracking of the photovoltaic systems for fast changing environmental conditions [11], the power loss [12], and especially the scientific power dispatch [13] inside the microgrids have been great challenges.
By far, both the AC microgrids and the DC microgrids have found the significance of optimization-based energy management (EM) [14–17]. It is shown that the bilevel control scheme (BLCS) with primary and secondary controllers is an effective method in achieving optimal dispatch of generation resources in systems with multiple microgrids [18]. Since microgrid’s economic load dispatch normally does not support distributed networks, especially when they belong to different companies and share different interests, it is significant to consider a dynamic electricity pricing policy to achieve optimal operation of distributed network with multimicrogrids [19]. This kind of policy now has been carried out in many countries as well as China. Then the further problem is...