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Abstract
A major goal in materials science is to develop bioinspired functional materials based on the precise control of molecular building blocks across length scales. Here we report a protein-mediated mineralization process that takes advantage of disorder–order interplay using elastin-like recombinamers to program organic–inorganic interactions into hierarchically ordered mineralized structures. The materials comprise elongated apatite nanocrystals that are aligned and organized into microscopic prisms, which grow together into spherulite-like structures hundreds of micrometers in diameter that come together to fill macroscopic areas. The structures can be grown over large uneven surfaces and native tissues as acid-resistant membranes or coatings with tuneable hierarchy, stiffness, and hardness. Our study represents a potential strategy for complex materials design that may open opportunities for hard tissue repair and provide insights into the role of molecular disorder in human physiology and pathology.
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1 Institute of Bioengineering, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK; School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK; Institute of Dentistry, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
2 Institute of Dentistry, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK; Materials Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
3 Laboratory of Bio-Inspired and Graphene Nanomechanics, Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
4 School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
5 Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, UK; Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
6 Institute of Bioengineering, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK; Institute of Dentistry, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
7 Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, UK
8 School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK; Materials Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
9 G.I.R. Bioforge, University of Valladolid, CIBER-BBN, Valladolid, Spain
10 School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK; Department of Mathematical Science and Advanced Technology, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokohama Institute for Earth Sciences, Yokohama-city, Kanagawa, Japan
11 School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK; Laboratory of Bio-Inspired and Graphene Nanomechanics, Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, University of Trento, Trento, Italy; Ket-Lab, Edoardo Amaldi Foundation, Italian Space Agency, Via del Politecnico snc, Rome, Italy
12 Institute of Bioengineering, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK; School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK