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Abstract
Le but de ce travail est de revenir sur la question de l’isotopie. Pour arriver à faire cela, nous rappellerons en premier lieu les facteurs traditionnels de cohésion : un examen synthétique des principales approches du problème nous montrera les outils dont chaque linguiste dispose déjà pour le traitement des textes. Nous montrerons ensuite sur un exemple – la première strophe du long poème de Victor Hugo L’Expiation – que ces facteurs ne suffisent pas toujours à expliquer la cohésion des textes. Dans une troisième partie, nous défendrons enfin que le texte de Hugo peut être globalement compris dans sa structure en poussant plus loin l’analyse lexicale. Cependant, pour réussir dans cette démarche, il faudra dépasser l’idée, fondement de la théorie de l’isotopie, selon laquelle relier différentes parties d’un texte consisterait à répéter le même trait de bout en bout. Nous soutiendrons, au contraire, que raccorder, c’est concrétiser au fil du texte les multiples traits – que nous qualifierons techniquement de « schémas » - d’un même mot, en les renforçant, les niant, ou tout simplement en les maintenant et les développant.
Beyond isotopy. The purpose of this article is to rethink the question of isotopy. In order to do that, in the first place we will recall the traditional, major factors of textual cohesion. A brief review of the principal approaches to the problem will present the analytical tools linguists have used until today to discuss the subject. The second step will be to take a concrete example: it will be the first stanza of Hugo’s long poem L’Expiation (The Expiation). Through a lexical analysis we intend to show how the traditional approaches fail to explain how the poet keeps his verses together. Finally, we will indicate how some new tools for lexical analysis can help us to get better results in the interpretation of a text. To achieve this goal, it will be necessary to go beyond the theory of isotopy and its idea that, in order to keep a text together, an author is obliged to repeat the same meaning trait throughout the whole text. That is not our opinion. Instead, we will affirm that keeping a text together means developing the multiple meaning traits of a word by making them more and more concrete.
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