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Abstract
Drug delivery by nanocarriers (NCs) has long been stymied by dominant liver uptake and limited target organ deposition, even when NCs are targeted using affinity moieties. Here we report a universal solution: red blood cell (RBC)-hitchhiking (RH), in which NCs adsorbed onto the RBCs transfer from RBCs to the first organ downstream of the intravascular injection. RH improves delivery for a wide range of NCs and even viral vectors. For example, RH injected intravenously increases liposome uptake in the first downstream organ, lungs, by ~40-fold compared with free NCs. Intra-carotid artery injection of RH NCs delivers >10% of the injected NC dose to the brain, ~10× higher than that achieved with affinity moieties. Further, RH works in mice, pigs, and ex vivo human lungs without causing RBC or end-organ toxicities. Thus, RH is a clinically translatable platform technology poised to augment drug delivery in acute lung disease, stroke, and several other diseases.
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1 Pulmonary, Allergy, & Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics and Center for Translational Targeted Therapeutics and Nanomedicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
2 Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics and Center for Translational Targeted Therapeutics and Nanomedicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
3 Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics and Center for Translational Targeted Therapeutics and Nanomedicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Division of Transfusion Medicine and Therapeutic Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
4 Department of Anesthesiology & Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
5 Institute for Environmental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
6 Department of Chemical Engineering and Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
7 Penn Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
8 Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
9 School of Engineering & Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Wyss Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA